Table 1
The transitive verb agrees with the object (declarative mood)
Table 2
The intransitive verb agrees with the subject (assertive mood)
ø-pyry-som-<y>n
asyryty
3-ASSERT-ripen/redden-NFUT
banana
“The banana ripened.”
ø-pyry-m-som-<y>n
asyryty
taso
3-ASSERT-CAUS-ripen-NFUT
banana
man
“The man ripened the banana.”
y-pyry-tarak-<a>dn
yn
1-ASSERT-walk-NFUT
I
“I walked.”
y-pyry-m-tarak-<a>n
yn
taso
1-ASSERT-CAUS-walk-NFUT
I
man
“The man made me walk.”
ø-pyry-m-tarak-<a>n
taso
yn
3-ASSERT-CAUS-walk-NFUT
man
I
“I made the man walk.”
y-py-so'oot-<y>n
yn
pikom-ty
1-ASSERT-see-NFUT
I
monkey-OBL
“I saw the monkey.”
y-py-m-so'oot-<y>n
yn õwã
pikom-ty
1-ASSERT-CAUS-see-NFUT
I child
monkey-OBL
“The child made me see the monkey.”
ø-pyr-oky-dn
boroja
taso
3-ASSERT-kill-NFUT
snake
man
“The man killed the snake.”
*ø-py-m-oky-dn
boroja
taso
3-ASSERT-CAUS-kill-NFUT
snake
man
Intended interpretation: “The man killed the snake.”
y-pyry-hit-<y>n
boet-<e>ty
taso
3-ASSERT-give-NFUT
necklace-OBL
man
“The man gave me the necklace.”
*y-pyry-m-hit-<y>n
boet-<e>ty
taso
1-ASSERT-CAUS-give-NFUT
necklace-OBL
man
ø-pyr-oky-dn
boroja
taso
3-ASSERT-kill-NFUT
snake
man
“The man killed the snake.”
ø-pyr-a-oky-dn
boroja
3-ASSERT-PASV-kill-NFUT
snake
“The snake was killed.”
y-pyry-hit-<y>n
boet-<e>ty
taso
1-ASSERT-give-NFUT
necklace-OBL
man
“The man gave a necklace to me.”
y-pyr-a-hit-<y>n
boet-<e>ty
1-ASSERT-PASV-give-NFUT
necklace-OBL
“The necklace was given to me.”
ø-pyry-som-<y>n
asyryty
3-ASSERT-ripen/redden-NFUT
banana
“The banana ripened.”
*ø-pyry-a-som-<y>n
asyryty
3-ASSERT-PASV-ripen/redden-NFUT
banana
Intended: “The banana was ripened.”
y-pyry-tarak-<a>dn
yn
1-ASSERT-walk-NFUT
I
“I walked.”
*y-pyry-a-tarak-<a>dn
yn
1-ASSERT-PASV-walk-NFUT
I
Intended: “I was walked.”
y-py-so'oot-<y>n
yn
pikom-ty
1-ASSERT-see-NFUT
I
monkey-OBL
“I saw the monkey.”
*y-pyr-a-so'oot-<y>n
yn
pikom-ty
1-ASSERT-PASV-see-NFUT
I
monkey-OBL
Intended: “The monkey was seen.”
ø-pyry-a-m-som-<y>n
asyryty
3-ASSERT-PASV-CAUS-ripen/redden-NFUT
banana
“Someone/something made the banana ripen.”
y-pyry-a-m-tarak-<a>n
yn
1-ASSERT-PASV-CAUS-walk-NFUT
I
“Someone/something made me walk.”
y-pyr-a-m-so'oot-<y>n
yn
pikom-ty
1-ASSERT-PASV-CAUS-see-NFUT
I
monkey-OBL
“Someone/something made me see the monkey.”
Yn
ø-na-aka-t
i-tarak-<a>t
I
3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-walk-ADVZR
“I walked/ I am walking.”
Yn
ø-na-aka-t
i-otam-ø
I
3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-arrive-ADVZR
“I arrived/ I am arriving.”
Yn
ø-na-aka-t
i-so'oot-ø
pikom-ty
I
3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-see-ADVZR monkey-OBL
“I saw the monkey/ I am seeing the monkey.”
*Yn
ø-na-aka-t
i-oky-t
(boroja)
I
3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-kill-ADVZR
snake
Intended: “I killed/ am killing the monkey.”
*Yn
ø-na-aka-t
i-'y-t
(asyryty)
I
3-DECL-COP-NFUT
PART-eat-ADVZR
banana
Intended: “I ate/ am eating the banana.”
*Yn
ø-na-aka-t
i-hit-ø(pikom)
(asyryty-ty)
I
3-DECL-COP-NFUT
PART-give-ADVZR
monkey banana-OBL
Intended: I gave/ am giving the bananas to the monkey.”
boroja ø-na-aka-t
i-a-oky-t
snake 3-DECL-COP-NFUT
PART-PASV-kill-ADVZR
“The snake was killed.”
asyryty
ø-na-aka-t
i-a-'y-ø
banana
3-DECL-COP-NFUT
PART-PASV-eat-ADVZR
“The banana was eaten.”
asyryty ø-na-aka-t
i-a-hit-ø
(pikom)
banana 3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-PASV-give-ADVZR
macaco
“The banana was given to the monkey.”
Table 5
Summary of the morphosyntactic tests
Transitive counterpart
pivot
Intransitive counterpart
Someone/something broke
the pote
.
broke.
N-ä-ï-lì-í-à
m-kà
k-élyá
FOC-1SUB-PRES-eat-APPL-FV C1-wife C7-food
“He is eating food for his wife.
N-ä-i-zrìc-í-à
m-bùyà
FOC-1SUB-PRES-run-APPL-FV C9-friend
“He is running for a friend.”
(BRESNAN; MOSHI, 1990 apudPYLKKÄNEN, 2008, p. 11)
Mavuto a-na-umb-ir-a
mpeni
mtsuko
Mavuto SP-PAST-mold-APPL-ASP knife
waterpot
“Mavuto molded the waterpot with a knife.”
(BAKER, 1988b, p. 353)
Sewakii-ma-iyu
he anu
Sewaki 3SG-CAUS-sleep he ASP
“Sewaki made him sleep.” (Lit. ´Sewaki slept him.')
una
apï
y-ũ-tahu
anu
I
dog
3SG-CAUS-run
ASP
“I made the dog run.”
(FARGETTI, 2001, p. 186-190)
ø-na-otam-ø
taso
3-DECL-arrive-NFUT man
“The man arrived.”
ø-na-terek.teregng-ø
taso
3-DECL-dance-NFUT man
“The man danced.”
Maria ø-na-mb-otam-ø
João
Maria 3-DECL-CAUS-arrive-NFUT
João
“Maria made João arrive.” (Lit. <Maria arrived João>)
Yn ø-na-m-terekteregng-ø
taso
I 3-DECL-CAUS-dance-NFUT
man
“I made the man dance.” (Lit. <I danced the man>)
ø-py-so'oot-yn
(pykom-ty)
õwã
3-ASSERT-see-NFUT
(monkey-OBL)
child.
“The child saw the monkey.”
*ø-pyr-a-so'oot-yn
õwã (boet-<e>ty)
3-ASSERT-PASV-see-NFUT
child (necklace-OBL)
(Intend: The child/necklace was seen.)
y-py-m-so'oot-yn
õwã
yn
(pikom-ty)
1-ASSERT-CAUS-see-NFUT
child
I
(monkey-OBL)
“The child made me see the monkey.”
y-pyr-a-m-so'oot-<y>n
yn (boet-<e>ty)
1-ASSERT-PASV-CAUS-see-NFUT
I
necklace-OBL
“Lit: (someone/something made me see the necklace.”
õwã Ø-na-aka-t
i-so'oot-Ø
(pikom-ty)
child 3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-see-ADVZR monkey-OBL
“The child saw the monkey.”
Ø-pyry-'y-dn
taso
asyryty
3-ASSERT-eat-NFUT
man
banana
“The man ate a/the banana.”
Ø-pyr-a-'y-dn
asyryty
3-ASSERT-PASV-eat-NFUT
banana
“The banana was eaten.'
*Ø-pyry-m-'y-dn
asyryty
taso
3-ASSERT-CAUS-eat-NFUT
banana
man
*Ø-pyr-a-m-'y-dn
asyryty
3-ASSERT-PASV-CAUS-eat-NFUT
banana
*asyryty
Ø-na-aka-t
i-'y-t
banana
3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-eat-ADVZR
y-pyr-oigng-<a>n
õwã
boet-<e>ty
1-ASSERT-gift-NFUT
child
necklace-OBL
“The child gifted me with a necklace.”
Ø-pyr-a-oigng-<a>n
õwã boet-<e>ty
3-ASSERT-PASV-gift-NFUT
child necklace-OBL
“The child was gifted with a necklace.”
*y-py-m-oigng-<a>n
õwã boet-<e>ty
1-ASSERT-CAUS-gift-NFUT
child necklace-OBL
*Ø-pyr-a-m-oigng-<a>n
õwã boet-<e>ty
3-ASSERT-PASV-CAUS-gift-NFUT
child necklace-OBL
*taso
Ø-na-aka-t
i-oigng-<a>t
boet-<e>ty
man
3-DECL-COP-NFUT PART-gift-ADVZR
necklace-OBL
õwã ø-na-okop-ø
ot'ep
child 3-DECL-break-NFUT
bow
“The child broke the bow.”
taso ø-na-okop-ø
typoong
ot'ep
õwã-ty
man 3-DECL-break-NFUT
APPL
bow
child-OBL
“The man broke the bow using the child (as an instrument).”
*taso
ø-na-okop-ø
ot'ep
typoong
õwã-ty
homem
3-DECL-break-NFUT
bow
APPL
child-OBL
Intend: “The man broke the bow using the child.”
yn a-taka-mĩ-t
typoong
an
i-ty
eu 2-DECL-hit-NFUT
APPL
you
he/him-OBL
“I hit you using him (as an instrument).”
(EVERETT, 2006, p. 442)
atykiri
ø-na-otam-ø
João
therefore
3-DECL-arrive-NFUT
João
“Therefore João arrived.”
*atykiri
(*João)
ø-na-otam-ø
(*João)
typoong (João) taso-ty
therefore
(João)
3-DECL-arrive-NFUT
(João)
APPL (João) man-OBL
Renato
ø-na-mb-otam-ø
õwã
Renato
3-DECL-CAUS-arrive-NFUT
child
“Renato made the child arrive.”
Renato ø-na-mb-otam-ø
typoongõwã
João-ty
Renato 3-DECL-CAUS-arrive-NFUT APPL child
João-OBL
“Renato made the child arrive using João (as an instrument).”
taso ø-naka-hit-ø
õwã
boet-<e>ty
man 3-DECL-give-NFUT
child
necklace-OBL
“The man gave the child a necklace.”
taso ø-naka-hit-ø
boet-<e>ty
man 3-DECL-give-NFUT
necklace-OBL
“The man gave a necklace.”
taso ø-naka-hit-ø
õwã
man 3-DECL-give-NFUT
child
“The man gave (something) to the child.”
y-py-so'oot-<y>n
yn
pikom-ty
1-ASSERT-see-NFUT
I
monkey-OBL.
“I saw the monkey.”
y-py-m-so'oot-<
y>n õwã
pikom-ty
1-ASSERT-CAUS-see-NFUT child monkey-OBL
“The child made me see the monkey.”