Antagonistic microorganisms and nitrogen fertilization in control of tomato southern blight

The present study assessed the efficacy of formulated biocontrol agents and nitrogen fertilization on southern blight control. Antagonism test in vitro was performed to assess the inhibitory activity of Bacillus methylotrophicus and Trichoderma asperellum against the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into the substrate added with ammonium nitrate doses and inoculated with the formulated biocontrol agents Ônix (B. methylotrophicus) or Quality (T. asperellum). Subsequently, seedlings were inoculated with S. rolfsii. Plant mortality, shoot and root weight were assessed 11 days after the last inoculation. Agents had effective inhibitory activity against S. rolfsii; thus, they could reduce southern blight severity when combined with ammonium nitrate. However, plant mortality was not reduced by them.

Keywords
Bacillus methylotrophicus ; Sclerotium rolfsii; ; Solanum lycopersicum; ; Trichoderma asperellum ; ammonium nitrate

Authorship

Neder Henrique Martinez Blanco

Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Aquidauana (MS), BrasilUniversidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do SulBrasilAquidauana, MS, BrasilUniversidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Aquidauana (MS), Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-5493

Danilo Ferreira Ramirez Barbosa

Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul/Laboratório de Fitossanidade/Aquidauana (MS), BrasilUniversidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do SulBrasilAquidauana, MS, BrasilUniversidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul/Laboratório de Fitossanidade/Aquidauana (MS), Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8299-2933

Felipe André Sganzerla Graichen ^**Corresponding author: f_graichen@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0516-5042

*Corresponding author: f_graichen@yahoo.com.br

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: Graichen, F.A.S.; Blanco, N.H.M. Methodology: Graichen, F.A.S.; Blanco, N.H.M. Formal Analysis: Graichen, F.A.S.; Blanco, N.H.M. Visualization: Graichen, F.A.S.; Blanco, N.H.M. Investigation: Blanco, N.H.M.; Barbosa, D.F.R. Writing – original draft: Blanco, N.H.M.; Barbosa, D.F.R.; Graichen, F.A.S. Writing – review & editing: Blanco, N.H.M.; Graichen, F.A.S. Supervision: Graichen, F.A.S.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Associate Editor: Silvia Galleti

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Formulas

Figures (7)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1
Inhibitory activity of B. methylotrophicus against S. rolfsii 2 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) paired S. rolfsii; (c) colony diameters. Means followed by the same letter were not significantly different at p < 0.0001 in the t-test. Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 32%.

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Figure 2
Mycelial growth of S. rolfsii paired with T. asperellum 3 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) paired S. rolfsii; (c) colony diameters. Means followed by the same letter were not significantly different in the t-test. Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 13.8%.

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Figure 3
Mycelial growth of S. rolfsii under antibiosis against T. asperellum’s nonvolatile metabolites 2 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) S. rolfsii under antibiosis; (c) t-test. Different letters indicate different values in the t test (p < 0.0001). Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 57%.

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Figure 4
Mycelial growth of S. rolfsii under antibiosis against T. asperellum’s volatile metabolites 2 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) Antagonized S. rolfsii; (c) Diameter of S. rolfsii colonies. Different letters indicate statistically different values in the t test (p < 0.0001). Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 39.5%.

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Figure 5
Mortality of tomato plants 11 days after inoculation with S. rolfsii: (a) by different biocontrol agents and (b) under ammonium nitrate doses. Bars represent mean standard error; ^ns: not significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test; ^*: significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test. Bacillus methylotrophicus (BM); T. asperellum (TA); without biocontrol (SB); not inoculated (TT).

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Figure 6
Variables above-ground Fresh (a) and dry (b) biomass; variables fresh (c) and dry (d) weight of tomato plant roots inoculated with S. rolfsii based on the following classifications: not inoculated, B. methylotrophicus, without biocontrol and T. asperellum. Bars represent mean standard error; ^ns: not significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test; ^*: significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test. Bacillus methylotrophicus (BM); T. asperellum (TA); without biocontrol (SB); not inoculated (TT).

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Figure 7
Regression adjustment of above-ground fresh (a) and dry (b) weight; regression adjustment of fresh (c) and dry (d) weight of tomato plant roots inoculated with S. rolfsii in agar added with different ammonium nitrate doses.

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(1)

Figure 1 Inhibitory activity of B. methylotrophicus against S. rolfsii 2 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) paired S. rolfsii; (c) colony diameters. Means followed by the same letter were not significantly different at p < 0.0001 in the t-test. Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 32%.

Figure 2 Mycelial growth of S. rolfsii paired with T. asperellum 3 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) paired S. rolfsii; (c) colony diameters. Means followed by the same letter were not significantly different in the t-test. Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 13.8%.

Figure 3 Mycelial growth of S. rolfsii under antibiosis against T. asperellum’s nonvolatile metabolites 2 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) S. rolfsii under antibiosis; (c) t-test. Different letters indicate different values in the t test (p < 0.0001). Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 57%.

Figure 4 Mycelial growth of S. rolfsii under antibiosis against T. asperellum’s volatile metabolites 2 days after incubation. (a) S. rolfsii; (b) Antagonized S. rolfsii; (c) Diameter of S. rolfsii colonies. Different letters indicate statistically different values in the t test (p < 0.0001). Bars represent mean standard error. Growth inhibition = 39.5%.

Figure 5 Mortality of tomato plants 11 days after inoculation with S. rolfsii: (a) by different biocontrol agents and (b) under ammonium nitrate doses. Bars represent mean standard error; ^ns: not significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test; ^*: significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test. Bacillus methylotrophicus (BM); T. asperellum (TA); without biocontrol (SB); not inoculated (TT).

Figure 6 Variables above-ground Fresh (a) and dry (b) biomass; variables fresh (c) and dry (d) weight of tomato plant roots inoculated with S. rolfsii based on the following classifications: not inoculated, B. methylotrophicus, without biocontrol and T. asperellum. Bars represent mean standard error; ^ns: not significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test; ^*: significant at 5% in the Scheffé’s test. Bacillus methylotrophicus (BM); T. asperellum (TA); without biocontrol (SB); not inoculated (TT).

Figure 7 Regression adjustment of above-ground fresh (a) and dry (b) weight; regression adjustment of fresh (c) and dry (d) weight of tomato plant roots inoculated with S. rolfsii in agar added with different ammonium nitrate doses.

(1)

% Inhibition = (\frac{{DM}_{WB} - {DM}_{SR}}{{DM}_{WB}}) \times 1000

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Antagonistic microorganisms and nitrogen fertilization in control of tomato southern blight

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[1] *Corresponding author: f_graichen@yahoo.com.br