Action of benzalkonium chloride in different pH

ABSTRACT

Ammonium quaternary compounds are widely used in poultry and swine production as disinfectants in the control of pathogens. They act on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, enveloped fungi and viruses. However, in some conditions of pH and presence of organic matter can be inactivated. This study evaluated the action of ammonium quaternary compounds at 1:1,000 and 1:2,000 dilutions against Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in the presence of three different organic matter simulators, fetal bovine serum, skim milk and whole milk concentration of 1, 3, 5, and 7% and at pH 6 and 9, with 15 min of contact. It was possible to verify that the organic matter simulators adjusted in the same conditions of contact time and percentage, in the in vitro tests, presented different results and the fetal bovine serum did not inactivate the disinfectant. However, the best result against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was obtained at pH 6 at the dilution of 1:1,000 in all organic matter simulators.

Keywords
biosecurity; quaternary ammonium; organic matter; Salmonella

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are the main cationic surfactants, widely used as disinfectants and detergents since the late 1930s in different environments,such asdomestic, industrial,agricultural and clinical facilities (TEZEL; PAVLOSTATHIS, 2011; ZHANG et al., 2015). These compoundsplayan important role when used in breeding and management systemslikefarms, barns and even hatcheries by reducing the pathogen load,therefore keeping a health standard (GERBA, 2015; PAULINO, 2002).

Quaternary ammonium compounds are organic compounds with two well-defined regions in their molecular structures, one of those having four different functional groups bound to a central nitrogen atom, named cationic region (positively charged),the othercalled anionic region (negativelycharged) where usually chlorine (Cl^–) or bromine (Br^–) binds to nitrogen (AL-ADHAM et al., 2013; GERBA, 2015; MCDONNELL, 2007).

For high antimicrobial activity, it is the requirement for QAC, that nitrogen is connected to an alkyl chain between C8 and C18, been C12 to C16 the groups with higher biocidal activity. (AL-ADHAM et al., 2013; GERBA, 2015; GORMAN; MARIS, 1995; SCOTT, 2004). The wide varietyof QAC chemical structures allowed the evolution to a more efficient antimicrobial activity, reduced the toxicity of the compounds and the development of new generation of products (AL-ADHAM et al., 2013; GERBA, 2015).

Acting over gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi and enveloped virus (CFSPH, 2008; KUANA, 2009; PAULINO, 2002; RUTALA; WEBER, 2001). According to GERBA (2015), QACcan interact with specific intracellular targets and bind with DNA, in some formulations the ability to inactivate nonenveloped virus is reported. For the optimum efficiency, the pH must range from neutral to slightly alkaline (AL-ADHAM et al., 2013; GORMAN; SCOTT, 2004; GREZZI, 2008; MORGULIS; SPINOSA, 2005; PAULINO, 2002; SESTI, 2005).

Taking this information into account, a benzalkonium chloride-basedbiocide was tested in two different dosages, 1:1,000 and 1:2000, with several concentrations of organic matter (OM) ranging from 1, 3, 5, and 7%, for whole milk (WM), skim milk (SM) and bovine fetal serum (BFS), in solutions with distinct pH levels 6 and 9. The organisms employed on the test, Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium and S.enteric serovar Enteritidis, were obtained from field samples, stored at the Centro de Diagnóstico de Sanidade Animal (CEDISA) collection, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil.The methodology applied was adapted from DIN EN 1276 (GRESSNER, A.; GRESSNER, O., 2019).

The strains were incubated in nutrient agar at 37°C for 18 to 24 h under aerobic conditions. Later, the culture was diluted in saline solution and the inoculum standardized to contain 108colony forming units (CFU)·mL^–1. The substances used to mimic OM WM and SM, as mentioned previously, were diluted in the following concentrations 1, 3, 5, and 7%, in 1mL.

After standardization, 1mL of inoculum was added to the test tube, followed by the addition of 1mL of OM, also adjusted, in concentrations of 1, 3, 5, and 7% of WM and SM. Subsequently, 8 mL of disinfectant solution was added to the tubes at dilutions of 1:1,000 and 1:2,000.

In 1-mL inoculum, 1, 3, 5, and 7% bovine fetal serum (BFS) were added to test tubes, afterward this solution was transferred to an 8mL of standardized inoculum and was added in a test tube. Then, 1 mL of BFSin concentration 1, 3, 5, and 7% was added in 8 mL of disinfectant solution in dilutions of 1:1,000 and 1:2,000.

The tubes were homogenized and kept at room temperature for 15 min. Then an aliquot of 1 mL of the solution was transferred to a tube containing 8 mL of nutrient broth with 0.5% tween 80 and 0.07% lecithin (Letheen broth), then added 1 mL of distilled water, properly homogenized and rested for 5 min.

In the sequence, 1 mL of the solution was added in a tube containing 9 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. Of this solution, 100 ?L were seeded in triptych soy agar (TSA) plates and incubated for 18 to 24 h at a temperature of 36 ±1 °C. The efficiency of the disinfectant was expressed in log reduction, being considered the reduction of four logs (99.99%) between the initial population and the surviving population. The procedure was performed at pH 6 and 9.

The disinfectant was efficient when tested for inhibition of SE in the dilutions of 1:1,000 at pH 6 in the presence of OM (BFS, WM and SM) in concentrations of 1, 3, 5, and 7%, as can be observed in Table 1. At pH 9, respecting the same dilution of product, OM and their respective percentages, the disinfectant was not effective against SE in WM at 7%.

Table 1
Quaternary ammonium based disinfectant activity against Salmonella Enteritidis in two different dilutions, pH6 and 9 and with different concentrations of different organic matter, after 15 min of contact.

	1:2,000			1:1,000
	pH6	pH9		pH6	pH9
BFS 1%	S	S		S	S
BFS 3%	S	S		S	S
BFS 5%	S	S		S	S
BFS 7%	S	S		S	S
WM 1%	S	S		S	S
WM 3%	S	S		S	S
WM 5%	R	R		S	S
WM 7%	R	R		S	R
SM 1%	S	S		S	S
SM 3%	S	S		S	S
SM 5%	S	R		S	S
SM 7%	S	R		S	S

• BFS: bovine fetal serum; WM: whole milk; SM: skimmed milk. Sensitive(S): Inoculum that presented a logarithmic reduction of four logs (99.99%).Resistant (R): Inoculum that did not present a logarithmic reduction of four logs (99.99%).
• Source: Elaborated by the authors.

At 1:2,000 dilution, the disinfectant inactivated SE at BFS 1, 3, 5 and 7% at pH6 and 9. In the same dilution of the product and in WM, both at pH6 and 9, there was a reduction of growth in the concentrations of 1 and 3% and was not effective in the concentrations 5 and 7%. However, in pH6 in concentrations of SM 1, 3, 5, and 7% there was no growth. When compared to pH9 there was growth in SM in concentrations of 5 and 7%, as described in Table 2.

Table 2
Disinfectant based on ammonium quaternary against Salmonella Typhimurium in two different dilutions, pH6 and 9 and with different concentrations of different organic matter, after 15 min of contact in different dilutions.

	1:2,000			1:1,000
	pH6	pH9		pH6	pH9
BFS 1%	S	S		S	S
BFS 3%	S	S		S	S
BFS 5%	S	S		S	S
BFS 7%	S	S		S	S
WM 1%	S	S		S	S
WM 3%	R	R		S	S
WM 5%	R	R		S	R
WM 7%	R	R		R	R
SM 1%	S	S		S	S
SM 3%	S	R		S	S
SM 5%	R	R		R	R
SM 7%	R	R		R	R

• BFS: bovine fetal serum; WM: whole milk; SM: skimmed milk. Sensitive(S): inoculum that presented a logarithmic reduction of four logs (99.99%). Resistant (R): inoculum that did not present a logarithmic reduction of four logs (99.99%).
• Source: Elaborated by the authors.

When challenged against ST, the disinfectant was efficient in the dilutions of 1:1,000 and 1:2,000 at pH6 and 9 for BFS 1, 3, 5 and 7%. In the dilution of 1:1,000 at pH6 there was a bacterial reduction of 99.99% at WM 1, 3, and 5%.At pH9, the disinfectant was efficient only at WM 1 and 3%. In the same concentrations of WM, in the dilution of 1:1,000 the disinfectant was efficient only at 1%, both at pH6 and 9.

In SM, the disinfectant was efficient in the dilution of 1:1,000 in concentrations of 1 and 3% at pH6 and 9. At the dilution of 1:2,000, the disinfectant was efficient in concentrations of SM 1 and 3% at pH6 and only in concentrations of 1% at pH9, according to Table 2.

According to WALIA et al. (2017), the main mechanism of action of benzalkonium chloride is the rupture of the lipid layer of the cytoplasmic membrane followed by extracting cytoplasmic components and eventual cell lysis. The following sequence of events was suggested to microorganisms exposed to cationic agents (CARMONA-RIBEIRO; CARRASCO, 2013; GERBA, 2015; MCDONNELL, 2007): 1) adsorption and penetration of the agent to the cell wall; 2) reaction with the cytoplasmic membrane, followed by membrane disorganization; 3) leakage of low molecular weight material; 4) degradation of proteins and nucleic acids; and 5) cell wall lysis caused by autolytic enzymes.

However, several studies show that factors inherent to product chemistry, field application conditions and target microorganisms can compromise the effectiveness of disinfectants and therefore should be tested (DAVIES, 2003; DVORAK, 2008; GREZZI, 2008; MAILLARD, 2013; RUTALA; WEBER, 2001; TAMÁSI, 1995).

This study has found that the activity of the disinfectant is inversely proportional to the concentration of OM, i.e., by increasing the concentration of OM, the disinfectant becomes incapable of inactivating the microorganisms, except with BFS, where the disinfectant was efficient in all treatments. According to MAILLARD (2013), OM compromises the action of disinfectants in three ways: 1) reduction of the available concentration of the disinfectant; 2) protection of microorganisms from external damage; and 3) formation of microbial aggregates wrapped per layer of exopolysaccharides.

The BFS used as an OM simulator in the assay is usually produced from blood extracted from a bovine fetus from pregnant cows sent to slaughter and is universally used as an “additive” for cell culture (HEMEDA et al., 2014). Although widely used and with a worldwide consumption demand of around 500,000 L/year, they present quantitative and qualitative variations in their flocks (GSTRAUNTHALER, 2003). According to Table 3, only 4.07% of the organic components of BFS are effectively capable of inactivating the disinfectants, that is, in the condition of 7% challenge OM with BFS, 0.28% of substances are able to inhibit the activity of the disinfectant.

Table 3
Components of bovine fetal serum and their variation according to the certificate and analysis of the supplier.

Components	Specification	Concentration
Total protein	3.50–5.50 g/100mL	4.07 g/100mL
Hemoglobin	0.001–0.03 g/100mL	0.01779 g/100mL
Bacteria	Negative	Negative
Fungi	Negative	Negative
Mycoplasma	Negative	Negative

• Source: Adapted from Bovine Fetal Serum Analysis Certificate provided by the supplier.

Milk, also used as an OM simulator, consists of approximately 87% water and the remaining 12 to 13% solid elements. The main solid elements of milk are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, mineral salts and vitamins. Thus, total milk solids (TS) include all components except water. However, non-fat milk solids (NFMS) are all elements of milk except water and fat (BRITO et al., 2007). For Decree 9.013 of March 29, 2017 (BRAZIL, 2017), milk is considered to meet the specifications of Table 4.

Table 4
Composition and physical-chemical characteristics of milk.

Components	Requirements
	WM	SM
Fat (g/100 g)	Minimum 3.0	Maximum 0.5
Non-greasy solids (g/100 g)	Minimum 8.4	Minimum 8.4
Total solids (g/100 g)	Minimum 11.4	Minimum 8.9

• WM: whole milk; SM: skimmed milk.
• Source: Adapted fromBRAZIL(2017).

Taking into account the milk constituents capable of inactivating the activity of disinfectants, for the WM is 11.4%, or 7% of WM, only 0.798% compromises the action of the disinfectant and for the SM at 7%, only 0.623% inhibits the action of the disinfectant.

In relation to pH, it is necessary to resume the initial stage of the mechanism of action, that is, the adsorption and penetration of the disinfectant the bacterium depend on the electrostatic interaction between the cationic portion of the QAC molecule with the negatively charged proteins in the bacterial cell membrane, and then they pierce the bacterial lipid layer, causing the rupture of the membrane and leakage of cell content and cell lysis (JENNINGS et al., 2016; MELIN et al., 2016).

MAILLARD (2013) states that the change in pH can also alter the load on the cell surface, i.e., as the pH increases, the number of negatively charged groups on the bacterial surface would also increase, improving the degree of bonding with cation, thus improving the action of the disinfectant. This statement corroborates with other authors who state that the optimal pH of performance for QAC is alkaline (AL-ADHAM et al., 2013; GORMAN; SCOTT, 2004; GREZZI, 2008; MORGULIS; SPINOSA, 2005; PAULINO, 2002; SESTI, 2005).

Given the results of the study, it is possible to conclude that the disinfectant showed better results under study conditions at slightly acidic pH. The WM and SM compromised the action of the disinfectant studied and can be used as alternatives in substitution of the BFS to simulate the effect of the OM. Regarding the BFS, it did not compromise the action of the disinfectant in any assay of the study and, for this reason, it is not the most suitable simulator of OM for studies of the effectiveness of disinfectants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Not applicable.

• Peer Review History: Double-blind Peer Review.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

• The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Acervo Digital UFPR, persistent web link to datasets, https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/handle/1884/56198

FUNDING

• This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ETHICAL APPROVAL

• Not applicable.

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Edited by

Associate Editor: Silvia Galleti

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 Dec 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  24 Sept 2018
• Accepted
  22 Oct 2021