ABSTRACT
SELECTIVITY OF PESTICIDES USED IN SOYBEAN CROPS TOTRICHOGRAMMA PRETIOSUM RILEY, 1879 (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) PUPAE. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different pesticides onTrichogramma pretiosumpupae. Three tests were carried out with 11 treatments and 5 replications. Eggs ofAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were used as a factitious host affixed on 1cm2 pieces of cardboard using a non-noxious glue solution (40% gum arabic) and then offered to parasitism for 24 h. After 168–192 h from the parasitism, when the parasitoids were at the pupae stage, the pieces of cardboard were dipped for five seconds in the treatments. The parasitoid survival was evaluated and the emergence was classified accordingly to the IOBC guidelines. The insecticides flufenoxuron (Cascade®) 10, diflubenzuron (Dimilin®) 20 and methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 240SC®) 21.6 and 36 g a.i. ha-1 were classified as harmless. Permethrin (Valon 384CE®) 49.92, beta-cyfluthrin 12.5 + imidacloprid 100 (Connect®) and gammacyhalothrin (Stallion 150SC®) 3.75 g a.i. ha-1 were slightly harmful. Chlorpyriphos (Lorsban 480BR®) 384 and spinosad (Tracer®) 24 g a.i. ha-1 were moderately harmful. The herbicides glyphosate 720 + imazetapyr 90 (Alteza®), s-metolachlor (Dual Gold®) 1920, flumyoxazin (Flumyzin 500®) 60, clomazone (Gamite®) 1000, glyphosate (Gliz®) 2880, paraquat dichloride 600 + diuron 300 (Gramocil®), glyphosate 1200 (Roundup Ready®) were classified as harmless, and the herbicides 2.4-D (DMA®) 1209, paraquat dichloride (Gramoxone®) 600 and glyphosate (Roundup Transorb®) 2592 g a.i. ha-1 were classified as slightly harmful. The fungicides metil tiofanate (Cercobin 500SC®) 400, flutriafol 60 + metil tiofanate 300 (Celeiro®), carbendazin (Derosal 500SC®) 250, tebuconazol (Folicur EC®) 150, flutriafol (Impact®) 125, tebuconazol 120 + trifloxystrobin 60 (Nativo®), epoxiconazol 30 + piraclostrobin 79.8 (Opera®), epoxiconazol (Opus SC®) 12.5, azoxystrobin (Priori®) 50, azoxystrobin 60 + ciproconazol 24 (Priori Xtra®) g a.i. ha-1 were harmless toT. pretiosum pupae. Among the tested products, the harmless ones should be chosen in a program of integrated pest management (IPM) since it allows the use of pesticides without harm to the biological control. On the other hand, the moderately harmful pesticides should be avoided or replaced by another product with less impact whenever it is possible.
KEY WORDS
Biological control; chemical control; egg parasitoids; integrated pest management