FLAVONOIDS AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY MEDIATED GASTROPROTECTIVE ACTION OF LEATHERY MURDAH, <i>TERMINALIA CORIACEA</i> (ROXB.) WIGHT &amp; ARN. LEAF METHANOLIC EXTRACT IN RATS

ALI KHAN, Mohammed Safwan; NAZAN, Shaaz; MAT JAIS, Abdul Manan

doi:10.1590/S0004-2803.201700000-21

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Original Articles • Arq. Gastroenterol. 54 (3) • July-Sept 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-2803.201700000-21 copy

FLAVONOIDS AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY MEDIATED GASTROPROTECTIVE ACTION OF LEATHERY MURDAH, TERMINALIA CORIACEA (ROXB.) WIGHT & ARN. LEAF METHANOLIC EXTRACT IN RATS

A ação gastroprotetora antioxidante e flavonoide de extrato metanólico de folhas de Leathery Murdah, Terminalia coracea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. em ratos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Leathery Murdah, Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. from family Combretaceae is used in Ayurveda and Siddha traditional systems of medicine to heal ulcers.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was conducted to assess the gastroprotective effect and understand the fundamental mechanism of action of Leathery Murdah, Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Leaf Methanolic Extract.

METHODS

The test extract was screened for anti-ulcer activity by Aspirin induced ulcerogenesis in pyloric ligation and ethanol induced gastric ulcers at three doses - 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, p.o. using Ranitidine 50 mg/kg and Misoprostol 100 μg/kg as standard drug in respective models. Seven parameters were carefully examined, that is, ulcer index, total protein, mucin, catalase, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels and histopathology. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic - Ultra Violet profiling and Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectral analysis of crude Terminalia coriacea leaves methanolic extract were carried out as a part of chemical characterization to identify bioactive compounds.

RESULTS

All the test doses exhibited significant gastroprotective function, particularly the higher doses demonstrated improved action. The results revealed a significant increase in the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and Mucin with reduction in ulcer index, the levels of total protein, and malondialdehyde. Histopathological observations also illustrated the gastroprotective effect of Terminalia coriacea leaves methanolic extract.

CONCLUSION

Terminalia coriacea leaves methanolic extract exhibited strong anti-oxidant and anti-secretory activities mediated gastroprotection besides inducing the gastric mucosal production. The observed pharmacological response can be attributed to the flavonoidal compounds namely - Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, Myricetin hexoside, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3-O-rhamnosylglucoside and Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside identified in the extract for the first time with High Performance Liquid Chromatographic - Ultra Violet and Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectral analysis.

HEADINGS
Gastric Mucosa; Terminalia; Plant extracts; Peptic ulcer

Peak no.	HPLC retention time in min.	Wavelength of bands A & B in UV region in nm	Nature of compound
8	9.653	354.0 & 253.7	Flavonol
9	9.890	356.1 & 253.7	Flavonol
10	10.679	353.7 & 263.1	Flavonol
11	11.162	347.7 & 265.5	Flavone
12	11.523	338.1 & 269.1	Flavone
13	12.118	357.2 & 254.9	Flavonol
14	12.325	354.9 & 256.0	Flavonol
15	12.594	354.9 & 256.0	Flavonol

LC-MS Retention Time in min.	Identified Compounds & m/z values	ESI +/- Mode Mass Fragments	% Area
7.7 - 7.9	Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside [610]	633.1 [M+Na]⁺	0.7469
8.1 - 8.4	Luteolin-7-O-glucoside [448]	449.2 [M+H]⁺, 413.2, 329.1, 299.1 447.0 [M-H]^-	1.7445
8.9 - 9.2	Myricetin hexoside [480]	479.0 [M-H]^- & 316 [Aglycone-H]^-	4.8938
10.6 - 10.8	Apigenin-6-C-glucoside [432]	433.2 [M+H]⁺, 397.2, 367.1, 313.2 431.1 [M-H]^-	11.7753
11.1 - 11.3	Quercetin-3-O-glucoside [464]	487.1 [M+Na]⁺, 465.1 [M+H]⁺, 303.1 [Aglycone+H]⁺ 927.1 [Dimer-H]^-, 463.1 [M-H]^-, 301 [Aglycone-H]^-	15.3687
12.5 - 12.8	Isorhamnetin-3-O-rhamnosylglucoside [624]	663.2 [M+K]⁺ , 647.2 [M+Na]⁺ , 625.2 [M+H]⁺ 623.1 [M-H]^-	2.3087
13.8 - 14.1	Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside [478]	501.1 [M+Na]⁺, 479.1 [M+H]⁺, 317.1 [Aglycone+H]⁺ 477.1 [M-H]^-	5.3556

Parameters	Negative Control	Standard Drug	Test-I TCLME 125 mg/kg	Test-II TCLME 250 mg/kg	Test-III TCLME 500 mg/kg
Volume of Gastric Juice (mL / 100 g)	4.51±0.26	1.90±0.27^c	3.10±0.22^b	2.81±0.22^c	1.86±0.22^c
pH of Gastric Juice	2.93±0.24	4.46±0.16^c	3.68±0.13^a	3.73±0.10^a	3.70±0.17^a
Free Acidity (mEq / L / 100 g)	39.67±1.20	22.00±1.88^c	41.67±1.62^ns	32.17±1.10^b	31.33±0.91^b
Total Acidity (mEq / L / 100 g)	90.50±3.06	78.00±0.96^b	83.33±1.64^ns	84.17±2.12^ns	80.17±1.53^a
Ulcer Index	12.75±1.03	2.75±0.38^c	6.16±0.44^c	4.58±1.04^c	1.16±0.24^c
Mucin Content (µg / g tissue)	0.49±0.02	0.82±0.07^a	1.02±0.04^c	1.30±0.05^c	1.62±0.11^c
Catalase (µMol H₂O₂ utilized / min / mg tissue)	3.56±0.14	8.59±0.14^c	4.20±0.11^b	4.32±0.05^b	6.06±0.12^c
Superoxide dismutase (µMol H₂O₂ utilized / min / mg tissue)	3.25±0.11	5.83±0.27^c	4.27±0.11^b	4.55±0.16^c	4.57±0.21^c
Malondialdehyde (no. moles / mg tissue)	8.01±0.08	7.28±0.06^b	6.99±0.10^c	6.43±0.16^c	6.08±0.14^c
Total Protein (µg / mL gastric juice)	341±4.31	321.3±4.68^a	314.8±5.04^b	312.5±3.0^c	308.7±3.52^c

Parameters	Negative Control	Standard Drug	Test-I TCLME 125 mg/kg	Test-II TCLME 250 mg/kg	Test-III TCLME 500 mg/kg
Ulcer Index†	10.17±0.24	8.08±0.30^*	8.16±0.24^*	5.91±0.35^*	4.66±0.16^*

Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia e Outras Especialidades - IBEPEGE. Rua Dr. Seng, 320, 01331-020 São Paulo - SP Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3147-6227 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: secretariaarqgastr@hospitaligesp.com.br

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[1] Correspondence: Dr. Mohammed Safwan Ali Khan. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al Jouf University, Sakakah, Al-Jouf Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: mskhan@ju.edu.sa; safwanpharma@gmail.com