Parental body mass index and maternal gestational weight gain associations with offspring body composition in young women from the Nutritionists’ Health Study

Freitas, Renata Germano Borges de Oliveira Nascimento; Vasques, Ana Carolina Junqueira; Ribeiro, Francieli Barreiro; Solar, Isabela; Hanada, Alfredo Shigueo; Barbosa, Marina Gomes; Valente, Angélica Marques Martins; Pititto, Bianca de Almeida; Eshriqui, Ilana; Lopes, Tito Lívio da Cunha; Geloneze, Bruno; Ferreira, Sandra Roberta Gouvea

doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000516

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Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Original Article • Arch. Endocrinol. Metab. 67 (1) • Feb 2023 • https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000516 copy

Parental body mass index and maternal gestational weight gain associations with offspring body composition in young women from the Nutritionists’ Health Study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Intrauterine environment can induce fetal metabolic programming that predisposes to adiposity-related chronic diseases in its lifespan. We examined the associations of parental nutritional status and gestational weight gain with offspring body composition in early adulthood.

Materials and methods:

This is cross-sectional analysis of female participants of the NutriHS who were submitted to questionnaires, clinical examinations and body composition assessed by DXA. Association of pre-conception parental BMI and maternal gestational weight gain (exposures) with body composition measurements (outcomes) were analyzed using multiple linear models adjusted for Directed Acyclic Graphs-based covariables (maternal and paternal educational level, maternal age, and tobacco, alcohol and/or drugs use). The sample included 124 women (median 28 (24-31) years) with a mean BMI of 25.4 ± 4.7 kg/m².

Results:

No association between previous paternal BMI and offspring’s body composition was detected. In the fully adjusted linear regression model, maternal BMI was associated with offspring’s total lean mass (β = 0.66, p = 0.001), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (β = 0.11, p = 0.003) and fat mass index (FMI) (β = 0.03, p = 0.039). Gestational weight gain was associated with increased offspring’s BMI (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.02-1.20], p = 0.01). The linear regression model adjusted for maternal age and maternal and paternal education levels showed associations of gestational weight gain with offspring’s ASMI (β = 0.42, p = 0.046), FMI (β = 0.22, p = 0.005) and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (β = 0.09, p = 0.035).

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that preconception maternal BMI could influence lean mass and general adiposity of young adult female offspring and that gestational weight gain could be useful for predicting centrally distributed adiposity.

Keywords:
DOHaD; body composition; obesity; parental BMI; gestational weight gain

		Median (IQR)	Range
Offspring data
	Age (years)	28 (24-31)	19 – 42
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	25 (21-28)	18.5 – 39.9
Nutritional status (%)
	Eutrophic	50.0
	Overweight	34.0
	Obese	16.0
Skin color (%)
	White	72.0
	Non-white	28.0
Physical activity (%)
	Regular practice	71.0
	No	29.0
Marital status (%)
	Single	72.0
	Married or stable union	28.0
Living condition (%)
	Live with their parents	46.0
	Live with their partners	34.0
	Live alone	20.0
Family income (%)
	1 to 5 minimum wages	46.0
	≥6 minimum wages	54.0
Family history (%)
	Cardiovascular diseases	68.0
	Dyslipidemia	60.0
	Hypertension	50.0
	Diabetes	38.0
Parental data
Parental preconception BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (%)
	Father	39.0
	Mother	10.5
Paternal education (%)
	Elementary or middle school	62.7
	Higher education level	37.3
Maternal education (%)
	Elementary or middle school	65.2
	Higher education level	34.8

	Paternal BMI (kg/m²)		Maternal BMI (kg/m²)		Gestational weight gain
	<25	≥25	<25	≥25	Insufficient	Adequate	Excessive
Clinical and biochemical data
Systolic BP^a (mmHg)	110 (100-110)	110 (100-110)	110 (100-110)	110 (100-120)	110 (100-110)	110 (100-110)	110 (100-120)
Diastolic BP^a (mmHg)	70 (70-80)	76 (70-80)	70 (70-80)	80 (70-80)	70 (70-80)	70 (70-80)	80 (70-80)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	25.1 ± 5.1	24.9 ± 3.4	24.8 ± 4.4	29.0 ± 5.3 ^ p < 0.01 versus Maternal BMI < 25 kg/m2.	24.1 ± 4.3	25.5 ± 4.8	26.5 ± 4.7
Waist circumference^a (cm)	81.0 (74.0-93.0)	81.8 (74.0-87.1)	80.1 (74.0-92.0)	87.5 (83.2-100)	76.8 (72.0-89.2)	83.0 (75.5-92.8)	83.0 (76.0-93.0)
Calf circumference (cm)	37.3 ± 4.0	37.2 ± 3.1	36.7 ± 3.2	41.2 ± 4.0 ^ p < 0.01 versus Maternal BMI < 25 kg/m2.	36.6 ± 3.2	37.5 ± 3.7	37.7 ± 3.5
Fasting plasma glucose	81.9 ± 5.6	81.5 ± 5.6	82.0 ± 5.6	80.3 ± 4.9	80.3 ± 5.9	82.5 ± 5.5	83.7 ± 4.8 ^* * p < 0.05 versus insufficient maternal gestational weight gain.
HOMA-IR^a	1.2 (0.8-1.7)	1.0 (0.7-1.4)	1.2 (0.8-1.7)	1.0 (0.9-1.3)	1.2 (0.7-1.7)	1.2 (0.8-1.7)	1.0 (0.7-1.4)
Total cholesterol^a (mg/dL)	173 (160-194)	160 (144-181)	167 (151-192)	161 (134-165)	165 (147-194)	163 (148-177)	165 (148-193)
LDL-cholesterol^a (mg/dL)	95 (77-111)	87 (76-108)	92 (76-111)	92 (76-99)	87 (76-111)	90 (76-98)	96 (78-111)
HDL-cholesterol^a (mg/dL)	60 (50-69)	56 (49-64)	60 (50-68)	52 (39-56)	57 (49-68)	56 (49-63)	61 (49-67)
Triglycerides^a (mg/dL)	81 (61-119)	73 (60-81)	76 (60-103)	65 (53-86)	77 (59-100)	76 (59-111)	66 (60-86)
Body composition data
Total lean mass (kg)	38.3 ± 5.0	38.8 ± 5.3	37.7 ± 4.7	45.4 ± 4.4 ^ p < 0.01 versus Maternal BMI < 25 kg/m2.	37.3 ± 3.7	39.1 ± 5.5	39.5 ± 5.5
ASM (kg)	16.7 ± 2.7	17.1 ± 2.9	16.5 ± 2.5	20.9 ± 2.4 ^ p < 0.01 versus Maternal BMI < 25 kg/m2.	16.0 ±1.9	17.4 ± 2.9	17.6 ± 3.0
ASMI (kg/m²)	6.4 ± 0.9	6.5 ± 0.9	6.4 ± 0.8	7.5 ± 0.8 ^ p < 0.01 versus Maternal BMI < 25 kg/m2.	6.2 ± 0.7	6.7 ± 0.9	6.7 ± 0.9
Total fat mass (%)	38.1 ± 7.1	37.3 ± 6.6	38.0 ± 7.1	40.6 ± 8.3	36.4 ± 7.4	37.9 ± 7.1	40.1 ± 6.8
Fat mass index (kg/m²)	7.8 (6.8-11.9)	8.6 (6.6-11.5)	8.4 (6.7-11.3)	11.4 (7.2-13.2)	7.2 (6.010.6)	8.5 (6.9-11.5)	10.1 (8.1-11.6)
Android fat^a (%)	34.7 (27.4-46.1)	36.3 (25.0-45.8)	35.4 (27.3-46.1)	42.8 (31.1-54.9)	33.3 (24.2-45.9)	35.9 (28.9-44.6)	38.5 (31-48.1)
Gynoid fat (%)	43.2 ± 6.9	43.0 ± 5.9	43.4 ± 7.0	45.6 ± 6.4	41.5 ± 7.1	43.4 ± 6.7	45.3 ± 6.7
Android-to-gynoid fat ratio	0.8 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.1
Trunk fat^a (%)	35.4 (29.6-45.2)	37.2 (27.7-44.1)	36.65 (29.1-45.2)	42.7 (30.7-53.1)	34.3 (26.2-44.0)	36.7 (30.1-45.7)	38.6 (33.9-46.6)
Visceral adipose tissue^a (g)	134 (82-465)	178 (87-432)	156 (88-463)	332 (130-734)	118 (80-435)	243 (105-493)	224 (94-561)
Total lean mass (kg)	38.3 ± 5.0	38.8 ± 5.3	37.7 ± 4.7	45.4 ± 4.4 ^ p < 0.01 versus Maternal BMI < 25 kg/m2.	37.3 ± 3.7	39.1 ± 5.5	39.5 ± 5.5
Bone mineral density (g/cm²)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	1.1 (1.1-1.1)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	1.2 (1.2-1.3)^ p < 0.01 versus Maternal BMI < 25 kg/m2.	1.1 (1.1-1.1)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)

			Crude			Model 1			Model 2
		Exposures	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value
		Maternal BMI
Muscle tissue
	Total lean mass (kg)		0.72	(0.33;1.11)	0.000	0.65	(0.26;1.05)	0.001	0.66	(0.26;1.05)	0.001
	ASMI (kg/m²)		0.11	(0.03;0.17)	0.004	0.11	(0.04;0.18)	0.004	0.11	(0.04;0.18)	0.003
Adipose tissue
	Total fat (%)		0.10	(-0.48;0.68)	0.739	0.31	(-0.27;0.88)	0.293	0.31	(-0.26;0.88)	0.280
	Android fat (%)^# # Variables were log-transformed.		0.13	(-0.01;0.04)	0.338	0.22	(-0.00;0.48)	0.101	0.02	(-0.00;0.48)	0.092
	Gynoid fat (%)		0.03	(-0.53;0.59)	0.923	0.22	(-0.34;0.78)	0.442	0.22	(-0.33;0.78)	0.430
	Android-to-gynoid fat ratio		0.01	(-0.00;0.21)	0.233	0.01	(-0.00;0.02)	0.091	0.01	(-0.00;0.20)	0.084
	Visceral adipose tissue (g)^# # Variables were log-transformed.		0.04	(-0.05;0.13)	0.369	0.07	(-0.02;0.16)	0.135	0.07	(-0.02;0.16)	0.125
	Fat mass index (kg/m²⁾^# # Variables were log-transformed.		0.02	(-0.01;0.05)	0.158	0.03	(0.00;0.06)	0.046	0.03	(0.00;0.06)	0.039
		Gestational weight gain
Muscle tissue
	Total lean mass (kg)		1.19	(-1.33;3.71)	0.350	1.49	(-0.98;3.97)	0.233	1.45	(-1.03;3.94)	0.248
	ASMI (kg/m²)		0.39	(-0.03;0.80)	0.068	0.42	(0.01;0.83)	0.046	0.41	(0.00;0.82)	0.050
Adipose tissue
	Total fat (%)		3.30	(-0.30;6.90)	0.072	3.60	(0.14;7.05)	0.042	3.51	(0.06;6.96)	0.046
	Android fat (%)^# # Variables were log-transformed.		0.18	(0.17;0.34)	0.031	0.19	(0.04;0.35)	0.017	0.19	(0.03;0.34)	0.019
	Gynoid fat (%)		3.07	(-0.42;6.57)	0.084	3.41	(0.04;6.78)	0.047	3.33	(-0.04;6.70)	0.053
	Android-to-gynoid fat ratio		0.08	(0.00;0.16)	0.046	0.09	(0.01;0.17)	0.035	0.09	(0.00;0.17)	0.039
	Visceral adipose tissue (g)^# # Variables were log-transformed.		0.29	(-0.30;0.87)	0.331	0.34	(-0.23;0.91)	0.236	0.32	(-0.24;0.89)	0.256
	Fat mass index (kg/m²)^# # Variables were log-transformed.		0.20	(0.04;0.36)	0.014	0.22	(0.07;0.38)	0.005	0.22	(0.06;0.37)	0.006

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[1] Correspondence to: Sandra Roberta G. Ferreira, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 – São Paulo, SP, Brasil. sandrafv@usp.br