Abrishami and cols., 2021 (2323 Abrishami A, Dalili N, Mohammadi Torbati P, Asgari R, Arab- Ahmadi M, Behnam B, et al. Possible association of vitamin D status with lung involvement and outcome in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(4):2249-57.) |
Iran |
Retrospective cohort |
February 28 2020 – April 19, 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
55.18 ± 14.98 |
Death and hospitalization |
73 |
-Vitamin D≤ 25 ng/mL |
Age, sex, and comorbidities |
Afaghi and cols., 2021 (3939 Afaghi S, Tarki FE, Rahimi FS, Besharat S, Mirhaidari S, Karimi A, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of vitamin d deficiency in covid-19 hospitalized patients: A retrospective single-center analysis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2021;255(2):127-34.) |
Iran |
Retrospective cohort |
March 16 2020–February 25, 2021 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
53.7 ± 15.8 |
ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, duration of hospitalization, and death |
646 |
109(Vitamin D≤ 20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, and comorbidities |
AlSafar and cols., 2021 (3838 Alsafar H, Grant WB, Hijazi R, Uddin M, Alkaabi N, Tay G, et al. COVID-19 disease severity and death in relation to vitamin D status among SARS-CoV-2-positive UAE residents. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1-14.) |
United Arab Emirates |
Retrospective cohort |
August 2020 –February 2021 |
Adult patients with COVID-19 |
46.6 ± 14.6 |
Death and severity |
464 |
127 (Vitamin D≤ 12 ng/mL)182(Vitamin D≤ 20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, smoking status, and comorbidities |
Baktash and cols., 2020 (2424 Baktash V, Hosack T, Patel N, Shah S, Kandiah P, Van Den Abbeele K, et al. Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19. Postgrad Med J. 2020;2:1-6.) |
UK |
Prospective cohort |
March 1st–April 302020 |
Patients aged ≥ 65 years hospitalized with COVID-19 |
81 (65-102)
|
Mortality secondary to COVID-19; NIV support and admission to HDU, COVID-19 radiographic changes on chest X-ray |
70 |
39 (Vitamin D≤ 12 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Barassi and cols., 2021 (3333 Barassi A, Pezzilli R, Mondoni M, Rinaldo RF, DavÌ M, Cozzolino M, et al. Vitamin D in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients with non-invasive ventilation support. [Internet]. Panminerva Med. 2021.) |
Italy |
Prospective cohort |
April 8 –May 25 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
61 (24-92)
|
Mortality |
118 |
87 (Vitamin D≤ 20 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Bennouar and cols., 2021 (3030 Bennouar S, Cherif AB, Kessira A, Bennouar DE, Abdi S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40(2):104-10.) |
Algeria |
Prospective cohort |
July 6 – August 15, 2020 |
Patients with severe COVID-19 |
62.3 ± 17.6 |
Mortality |
120 |
32 (Vitamin D≤ 10 ng/mL)35 (Vitamin D≤ 20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, acute kidney injury, cardiac injury, blood glucose, CRP, NLR, LDH, albumin, and total cholesterol |
Cereda and cols., 2021 (3131 Cereda E, Bogliolo L, Klersy C, Lobascio F, Masi S, Crotti S, et al. Vitamin D 25OH deficiency in COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospital. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(4):2469-72.) |
Italy |
Cohort |
March –April 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
77 (65-85)
|
Mortality |
129 |
99(Vitamin D< 20 ng/mL) |
Age, CRP, and ischemic heart disease |
Derakhshanian and cols., 2021(4141 Derakhshanian H, Rastad H, Ghosh S, Zeinali M, Ziaee M, Khoeini T, et al. The predictive power of serum vitamin D for poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(11):6307-13.) |
Iran |
Retrospective cohort |
February 20 2020–April 20, 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
61.6 ± 16.9 |
COVID-19 severity (death and ICU admission) |
290 |
142 (Vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Güven & Gültekin 2021(4343 Güven M, Gültekin H. Association of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level with COVID-19-Related in-Hospital Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Am Coll Nutr [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2021.1935361 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1...
) |
Turkey |
Retrospective cohort |
March 1st–December 31st, 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
64 (53-77)
|
Survival |
520 |
355 (Vitamin D< 12 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, and comorbidities |
Hafez and cols., 2022 (3434 Hafez W, Saleh H, Arya A, Alzouhbi M, Fdl Alla O, Lal K, et al. Vitamin D Status in Relation to the Clinical Outcome of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Front Med. 2022;9:1-13.) |
United Arab Emirates |
Retrospective cohort |
April – May 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
43 ± 12 |
Severity |
126 |
10 (Vitamin D < 10 ng/mL)62(Vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, race, and comorbidities |
Hernández and cols., 2021(2525 Hernández JL, Nan D, Fernandez-Ayala M, García-Unzueta M, Hernández-Hernández MA, López-Hoyos M, et al. Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(3):e1343-53.) |
Spain |
Case-control |
March 10 –March 31st, 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
61 (47.5-70)
|
COVID-19 severity (death, ICU admission, and NIV) |
216 |
162 (Vitamin D ≤ 20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking, diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular events, oral vitamin D supplements, CRP, and GFR |
Infante and cols., 2021 (4040 Infante M, Buoso A, Pieri M, Lupisella S, Nuccetelli M, Bernardini S, et al. Low Vitamin D Status at Admission as a Risk Factor for Poor Survival in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: An Italian Retrospective Study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;0(0):1-16.) |
Italy |
Retrospective cohort |
March 1st –April 302020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
Survivors 65 ± 13 Non-survivors 70 ± 29 |
Survival, length of stay in hospital and ICU |
137 |
69 (Vitamin D ≤ 10 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Jain and cols., 2020 (2626 Jain A, Chaurasia R, Sengar NS, Singh M, Mahor S, Narain S. Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1-8.) |
India |
Prospective cohort |
6 weeks |
Patients with COVID-19 aged 30-60 years |
51.41 ± 9.12 |
Serum IL-6, serum TNF-alpha, serum ferritin, deaths, and serum level of vitamin D |
154 |
90 (Vitamin D< 20 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Karahan & Katkat, 2021 (2929 Karahan S, Katkat F. Impact of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Level on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Turkey. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(2):189-96.) |
Turkey |
Retrospective cohort |
April 1st–May 20 2020 |
Adult patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 |
63.5 ± 15.3 |
Mortality |
149 |
103 (Vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) |
Age, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, acute kidney injury, eGFR, hemoglobin, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, white blood cell count, CRP, albumin, and calcium |
Nimavat and cols., 2021 (3535 Nimavat N, Singh S, Singh P, Singh SK, Sinha N. Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19: A case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in India. Ann Med Surg. 2021;68:102661.) |
India |
Case-control |
August 1st–September 5, 2020 |
Patients aged ≥18 years hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 |
41.6 ± 16.4 |
Mortality |
156 |
25 (Vitamin D < 10 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Pecina and cols., 2021(3636 Pecina JL, Merry SP, Park JG, Thacher TD. Vitamin D Status and Severe COVID-19 Disease Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:1-7.) |
USA |
Retrospective cohort |
April 16 –October 17, 2020 |
Patients aged ≥18 years hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 |
61 (50-74)
|
ICU mortality and duration of hospitalization |
92 |
15(Vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Radujkovic and cols., 2020 (2727 Radujkovic A, Hippchen T, Tiwari-Heckler S, Dreher S, Boxberger M, Merle U. Vitamin D deficiency and outcome of COVID-19 patients. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):1-13.) |
Germany |
Prospective cohort |
March 18 –June 18 2020 |
Inpatients and outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 |
60 (49-70)
|
NVI and survival |
93 |
29 (Vitamin D< 12 ng/mL) 47(Vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, and presence of comorbidity |
Ramirez- Sandoval and cols., 2022 (4242 Ramirez-Sandoval JC, Castillos-Ávalos VJ, Paz-Cortés A, Santillan-Ceron A, Hernandez-Jimenez S, Mehta R, et al. Very Low Vitamin D Levels are a Strong Independent Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19: Hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19 mortality. Arch Med Res. 2022;53(2):215-22.) |
Mexico |
Retrospective cohort |
March 13 2020 –March 1st, 2021 |
Patients with severe COVID-19 |
57 (46-67)
|
Survival and discharge |
2098 |
571 (Vitamin D< 12 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, BMI, acute kidney injury, and diabetes |
Reis and cols., 2021 (3737 Reis BZ, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, Santos MD, Dos Santos CC, Pinto AJ, et al. Influence of vitamin D status on hospital length of stay and prognosis in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):598-604.) |
Brazil |
Prospective cohort |
June 2nd July 21st, 2020, and July 22nd September 25th, 2020 |
Patients aged ≥18 years hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 |
Vitamin D <10 ng/mL group: 61.3 ± 14.4 Vitamin D ≥10 ng/mL group: 54.7 ± 14.5 |
Mortality and duration of hospitalization |
220 |
16 (Vitamin D < 10 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |
Smet and cols., 2020 (2828 De Smet D, De Smet K, Herroelen P, Gryspeerdt S. Serum 25(OH) D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and Mortality. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;25:1-8.) |
Belgium |
Retrospective cohort |
March 1st–April 7, 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
69 (52-80)
|
COVID-19 severity (stage disease and death) |
186 |
109 (Vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, coronary artery disease, and diabetes |
Vassiliou and cols., 2021 (3232 Vassiliou AG, Jahaj E, Pratikaki M, Keskinidou C, Detsika M, Grigoriou E, et al. Vitamin D deficiency correlates with a reduced number of natural killer cells in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2021;62(5):381-3.) |
Greece |
Prospective cohort |
March 18 –May 25 2020 |
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
61 ± 14 |
Mortality and NIV |
39 |
32 (Vitamin D < 20 ng/mL) |
Not adjusted |