Training for perceptive-auditory voice analysis: scope review

Studies were included with a population composed of listeners with or without experience in auditory-perceptual analysis, which included auditory-perceptual voice analysis, in the context of vocal clinic, using human and/or synthesized voices, with individual or group training. Training method, voices used, training time and whether there was training in central auditory skills were observed.

Results

It is common to use auditory anchors, feedback, breathy and rough natural voices and training time with a maximum duration of two hours. No study applied the training of central auditory processing skills in training for auditory-perceptual voice assessment.

Conclusion

There is still no consensus on what is the best training program for auditory-perceptual voice analysis.

Keywords:
Voice; Voice disorders; Auditory perceptual; Voice quality; Dysphonia

PAPER	MÉTODO DE TREINAMENTO	VOZES UTILIZADAS	TEMPO DE TREINAMENTO	TREINO DE HABILIDADES AUDITIVAS CENTRAIS
(¹1 Santos PCM, Vieira MN, Sansão JPH, Gama ACC. Effect of auditory-perceptual training with natural voice anchors on vocal quality evaluation. J Voice. 2019;33(2):220-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.10.020. PMid:29331406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.... )	Anchors and feedback Information on the case (interview, imaging examination, and clinical history)	56 natural voices Parameters: roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain, and instability	58.33 minutes (mean)	Not performed
(²2 Gurlekian JA, Torres HM, Cediel MR. A perceptual method to rate dysphonic voices. J Voice. 2019;33(4):453-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.007. PMid:29731380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.... )	Anchors and feedback	12 synthesized and 12 natural voices Parameters: pitch, timbre, loudness, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, tremor, and instability	Not reported	Not performed
(³3 Schaeffer N. Student training to perceptually assess severity of dysphonia using the dysphonic severity percentage scale. J Voice. 2013;27(5):611-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.03.016. PMid:23876942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.... )	Feedback	10 deviated natural voices. Parameter: overall degree	Not reported	Not performed
(⁸8 Chan KMK, Yiu M-LE. The effect of anchors and training on the reliability of perceptual voice evaluation. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(1):111-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/009). PMid:14748643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002... )	Anchors and feedback	20 duplicated voices, natural and synthesized, normal and deviated Parameters: roughness and breathiness	30 minutes	Not performed
(⁹9 Chan KM, Yiu EM. A comparison of two perceptual voice evaluation training programs for naive listeners. J Voice. 2006;20(2):229-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.03.007. PMid:16139475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.... )	Anchors and feedback	57 synthesized voices Parameters: Breathiness	4 hours	Not performed
(¹⁰10 Eadie TL, Baylor CR. The effect of perceptual training on inexperienced listeners’ judgments of dysphonic voice. J Voice. 2006;20(4):527-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.08.007. PMid:16324823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.... )	Anchors and feedback	30 natural voices: 15 samples of anchor voices and 15 used as training stimuli Parameters: overall degree, roughness, and breathiness	2 hours	Not performed
(¹¹11 Awan SN, Lawson LL. O efeito da modalidade âncora na confiabilidade das classificações de gravidade vocal. J Voice. 2009;23(3):341-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.10.006. PMid:18346869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.... )	Auditory anchors and auditory and textual cues	36 natural voices Parameters: degree of deviation, roughness, and breathiness	15-20 minutes	Not performed
(¹²12 Lee A, Whitehill TL, Ciocca V. Effect of listener training on perceptual judgement of hypernasality. Clin Linguist Phon. 2009;23(5):319-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200802688596. PMid:19399664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200802688... )	Lectures, anchors, and feedback.	23 natural voices in 82 presentations Parameter: resonance	2 hours	Not performed
(¹³13 Chan KM, Li M, Law TY, Yiu EM. Effects of immediate feedback on learning auditory perceptual voice quality evaluation. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2012 Ago;14(4):363-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2012.679746. PMid:22646315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2012.... )	Anchors and feedback	6 synthesized voices in 36 presentations Parameter: breathiness	15 minutes	Not performed
(¹⁴14 Núñez-Batalla F, Díaz-Molina JP, García-López I, Moreno-Méndez A, Costales-Marcos M, Moreno-Galindo C, et al. El espectrograma de banda estrecha como ayuda para el aprendizaje del método GRABS de análisis perceptual de la disfonía. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2012 May-Jun;63(3):173-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otorri.2011.10.002. PMid:22153964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otorri.2011.... )	Visual anchors (spectrogram)	107 deviated natural voices Parameters: overall degree, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain	Four 20-minute sessions	Not performed
(¹⁵15 Iwarsson J, Reinholt Petersen N. Effects of consensus training on the reliability of auditory perceptual ratings of voice quality. J Voice. 2012 Maio;26(3):304-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.06.003. PMid:21840170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.... )	Classes, anchors, proprioception, group discussion, feedback	14 deviated natural voices + two repetitions Parameters: degree of deviation, diplophonia, pitch, strain, instability, breathiness	50 minutes	Not performed
(¹⁶16 Ghio A, Dufour S, Wengler A, Pouchoulin G, Revis J, Giovanni A. Perceptual evaluation of dysphonic voices: can a training protocol lead to the development of perceptual categories? J Voice. 2015;29(3):304-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.07.006. PMid:25516201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.... )	Anchors and feedback	84 natural voices, normal and deviated. Parameter: overall degree	Not reported	Not performed
(¹⁷17 Brinca L, Batista AP, Tavares AI, Pinto PN, Araújo L. The effect of anchors and training on the reliability of voice quality ratings for different types of speech stimuli. J Voice. 2015 Nov;29(6):776.e7-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.01.007. PMid:25795348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.... )	Textual and auditory anchors and feedback	30 natural voices Parameters: overall degree, roughness, a nd breathiness	Not reported	Not performed
(¹⁸18 Ehrlich B, Lin L, Jiang J. Concatenation of the moving window technique for auditory-perceptual analysis of voice quality. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2018 Nov 21;27(4):1426-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0103. PMid:30304342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-... )	Anchors and feedback	40 natural voices Parameters: overall degree, roughness, breathiness, strain, asthenia, pitch, and loudness	Not reported	Not performed
(¹⁹19 Wong DW, Chan RW, Wu CH. Effect of training with anchors on auditory-perceptual evaluation of dysphonia in speech-language pathology students. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2021 Abr 14;64(4):1136-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00214. PMid:33769849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-... )	Anchors and feedback	Natural voices (unspecified number of voices used in training) Parameter: resonance	Not reported	Not performed
(²⁰20 Bispo NO, Yamasaki R, Padovani MMP, Behlau M. Repetition of anchor stimuli and nature of vocal samples in the perceptual auditory judgment performed by speech-language pathology students. CoDAS. 2022;34(4):e20210064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20212021064. PMid:35081197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/2021... )	APA with and without repetition of anchor stimuli	220 natural voices Parameters: roughness, breathiness, and strain	Two sessions: 1^st: 1 hour and 10 minutes 2^nd: 42 minutes	Not performed
(²¹21 Oates J, Russell A. Learning voice analysis using an interactive multi-media package: development and preliminary evaluation. J Voice. 1998;12(4):500-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(98)80059-3. PMid:9988037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(98)... )	Feedback. Information on the case (interview, imaging examination, and clinical history)	20 natural voices in increasing order of deviation Parameters: degree of deviation, pitch, loudness, breathiness, roughness, frequency, strain, instability	Not reported	Not performed
(²²22 Misono S, Merati AL, Eadie TL. Developing auditory-perceptual judgment reliability in otolaryngology residents. J Voice. 2012 Maio;26(3):358-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.07.006. PMid:22019147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.... )	Feedback	20 natural voices: two normal and 18 deviated ones Parameters: roughness and breathiness	50 minutes	Not performed
(²³23 Silva RS, Simões-Zenari M, Nemr NK. Impact of auditory training for perceptual assessment of voice executed by undergraduate students in Speech-Language Pathology. J Soc Bras Fonoaudiol. 2012;24(1):19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-64912012000100005. PMid:22460368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-64912012... )	Feedback	32 natural voices + extra voices chosen by the students (unspecified number) Parameters: overall degree, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain	Nine 15-minute sessions	Not performed
(²⁴24 Barsties B, Beers M, Ten Cate L, Van Ballegooijen K, Braam L, De Groot M, et al. The effect of visual feedback and training in auditory-perceptual judgment of voice quality. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2017 Abr;42(1):1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14015439.2015.1091036. PMid:26525078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14015439.2015.... )	Auditory- and/or visual-perceptual feedback (spectrogram)	24 natural voices Parameters: overall degree, roughness, and breathiness	2 hours divided into four 20-minute sessions	Not performed
(²⁵25 Hosseinifar S, Torabinezhad F, Ghelichi L, Roudbari M, Silverman EP, Faham M. How do voice perceptual changes predict acoustic parameters in persian voice patients? J Voice. 2018 Nov;32(6):705-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.08.015. PMid:29033255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.... )	Feedback	20 natural voices Parameters: degree of deviation, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain	5 hours	Not performed
(²⁶26 Solomon NP, Helou LB, Stojadinovic A. Clinical versus laboratory ratings of voice using the CAPE-V. J Voice. 2011 Jan;25(1):e7-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2009.10.007. PMid:20430573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2009.... )	Review with samples of voices with different qualities	25 natural voices Parameters: degree of deviation, roughness, breathiness, strain, pitch, and loudness	10-15 minutes	Not performed
(²⁷27 Oliveira AC, Scarmagnani RH, Fukushiro AP, Yamashita RP. The influence of listener training on the perceptual assessment of hypernasality. CoDAS. 2016;28(2):141-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20162015163. PMid:27191877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/2016... )	APA with consensus	Natural voices (unspecified number of voices used in training) Parameter: resonance	Not reported	Not performed

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