Mixed construction and demolition powder as a filler to Portland cement: study on packaged pastes

Oliveira, Dayana Ruth Bola; Proença, Melissa Pastorini; Marques Filho, José; Possan, Edna

doi:10.1590/s1678-86212024000100715

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AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO: RESILIENTE E SUSTENTÁVEL • Ambient. constr. 24 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212024000100715 copy

Mixed construction and demolition powder as a filler to Portland cement: study on packaged pastes

Pó misto de construção e demolição como fíler ao cimento Portland: estudo em pastas empacotadas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore more sustainable approaches by replacing Portland cement (OPC) with recycled mixed powder (RMP) derived from construction and demolition waste (CDW), with a focus on reducing carbon emissions. The CDW was subjected to grinding and sieving until a fraction <0.15 mm was obtained. The particles were then thermally activated at 800°C in a muffle for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours. The OPC replacement levels by RMP were defined based on the particle packing method, ranging from 0 to 65%. The study was carried out on pastes with a water/fines ratio ranging from 0.07 to 0.14 and superplasticizer admixture (SP), evaluating the compressive strength at 28, 63, and 91 days. The mechanical and environmental performance of Portland cement pastes composed with RMP showed compressive strength higher than the reference, reaching 37 MPa for a 45% replacement content at 28 days, reducing the CO₂ emissions per m³ of paste by up to 53%. This study suggested that the treatment and packaging RMP particles may potentially increase the mechanical and environmental performance, making it an alternative to promote the circular economy and low-carbon cement.

Keywords:
Eco-efficient Cement; Use of Construction and Demolition Waste; Particle Packing

Data	Value (kg.CO₂/kg)	Reference
E _cement	0.832	WBCSD (2023)WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Getting the numbers right project: reporting CO2 - GNR Project. Available: https://www.wbcsdcement.org/GNR-2019. Access: 15 out. 2023. https://www.wbcsdcement.org/GNR-2019...
E _t1	0.006	*Paz et al. (2023)*PAZ, C. F. et al. Life cycle inventory of recycled aggregates derived from construction and demolition waste. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, v.25, p. 1082-1095, jan. 2023.
E _t2 - Thermal activation	0.279¹	*Cancio Díaz et al. (2017)*CANCIO DÍAZ, Y. et al. Limestone calcined clay cement as a low-carbon solution to meet expanding cement demand in emerging economies. Development Engineering, v. 2, p. 82-91, jan. 2017.
0.5h	0.140
1h	0.279¹
2h	0.558
3h	0.837
E _SP	1.065	*Ma et al. (2016)*MA, F. et al. The greenhouse gas emission from Portland cement concrete pavement construction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 13, n. 7, p. 632, jun. 2016.

Materials	OPC	FPC	RMP0h	RMP0.5_c	RMP1_c	RMP2_c	RMP3_c
𝜌 (g/cm³)	3.23	3.02	2.46	2.71	2.74	2.83	2.92
d50 (µm)	9.57	9.95	35.52	34.95	29.58	29.29	24.17
BET (m²/g)	4.5	4.04	31.58	13.07	10.26	7.6	8.81

Oxides (%)	Ref.		RMP0h	RMP0.5c	RMP1c	RMP2c	RMP3c
Oxides (%)	OPC	FPC	RMP0h	RMP0.5c	RMP1c	RMP2c	RMP3c
CaO	59.72	59.77	21.16	23.18	23.28	23.53	24.38
SiO₂	18.46	16.47	36.46	41.16	41.16	42.02	43.27
MgO	6.47	3.89	4.55	4.98	5.02	5.12	5.21
Al₂O₃	4.42	3.72	9.31	10.35	10.39	10.67	10.85
SO₃	3.2	2.71	0.38	0.44	0.42	0.45	0.42
Fe₂O₃	1.97	1.75	5.56	6.2	6.27	6.33	6.55
K₂O	1.06	0.87	0.49	0.54	0.55	0.55	0.57
TiO₂	0.24	0.16	1.42	1.6	1.62	1.63	1.69
MnO	< QL	< QL	< QL	< QL	< QL	< QL	< QL
Na₂O	< QL	< QL	0.25	0.29	0.28	0.28	0.29
P₂O₅	< QL	< QL	0.1	0.12	0.12	0.11	0.12
LOI¹	4.24	10.48	20.17	10.61	10.26	8.47	5.7
Sum (%)	99.79	99.82	99.85	99.46	99.37	99.17	99.06

Mixes	Content (%)		Waste (%)				SP² (%)	w/f²		Packing Density
Mixes	OPC	Waste	R1		R2		SP² (%)	Mass	Volume	ϒ Virtual	Φ Real
OPC	100	0	-	0	-	0	0.60	0.07	0.23	0.648	0.598
FPC	100¹	0	-	0	-	0	0.30	0.07	0.21	0.690	0.636
0h + 0.5c	93	7	RMP0h	4,5	RMP0.5c	2.5	0.66	0.08	0.24	0.651	0.604
	85	15		10		5	0.74	0.09	0.26	0.652	0.604
	75	25		17		8	0.83	0.10	0.29	0.652	0.605
	65	35		23		12	0.92	0.11	0.31	0.654	0.606
	55	45		30		15	1.01	0.12	0.33	0.656	0.612
0h + 1c	93	7	RMP0h	4,5	RMP1c	2.5	0.66	0.08	0.24	0.656	0.611
	85	15		10		5	0.74	0.09	0.26	0.658	0.613
	75	25		17		8	0.83	0.10	0.29	0.661	0.616
	65	35		23		12	0.92	0.11	0.31	0.644	0.605
	55	45		30		15	1.01	0.12	0.34	0.646	0.607
0h + 2c	93	7	RMP0h	4,5	RMP2c	2.5	0.66	0.08	0.24	0.650	0.609
	85	15		10		5	0.74	0.09	0.26	0.660	0.618
	75	25		17		8	0.83	0.10	0.29	0.666	0.627
	65	35		23		12	0.92	0.11	0.31	0.667	0.628
	55	45		30		15	1.01	0.12	0.33	0.670	0.630
	45	55		37		18	1.10	0.13	0.36	0.677	0.636
	35	65		43		22	1.19	0.14	0.38	0.673	0.631
0h + 3c	93	7	RMP0h	4,5	RMP3c	2.5	0.66	0.08	0.24	0.673	0.633
	85	15		10		5	0.74	0.09	0.26	0.676	0.635
	75	25		17		8	0.83	0.10	0.29	0.686	0.641
	65	35		23		12	0.92	0.11	0.31	0.670	0.630
	55	45		30		15	1.01	0.12	0.34	0.676	0.635

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[1] Dayana Ruth Bola Oliveira Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana | Av. Tancredo Neves, 6731, Jardim Itaipu | Foz do Iguaçu - PR - Brasil | CEP 85867-970 | E-mail: dayruth@gmail.com