Nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, α-tocoferol, and different concentrations of a vitamin-mineral premix promote growth of Nile tilapia juveniles

Sá, L.S.; Pierri, B.S.; Pereira, S.A.; Cardoso, L.; Ferreira, T.H.; Serra, B.N.V.; Addam, K.G.S.; Riofrio, L.C.P.; Soligo, T.; Pereira, U.P.; Fracalossi, D.M.; Martins, M.L.; Mouriño, J.L.P.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-12920

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Animal Science • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 75 (05) • Sep-Oct 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12920 copy

Nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, α-tocoferol, and different concentrations of a vitamin-mineral premix promote growth of Nile tilapia juveniles

[Nucleotídeos, β-glucanos, ácido ascórbico, α-tocoferol e diferentes concentrações de uma pré-mistura de vitaminas e minerais promovem o crescimento de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Feed additives, such as β-glucans, nucleotides, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) can improve fish immunity and contribute to enhanced zootechnical performance of the fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of vitamin- mineral premix with or without the inclusion of an immunostimulant boost (β-glucans, nucleotides and vitamins C and E) on the zootechnical performance, hemato-immunological parameters, histological changes, and survival of Nile tilapia juveniles. To this end, isocaloric and isoproteic diets were prepared with three different concentrations of vitamin-mineral premix (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg ton-1); additionally, the effects of 4% immunostimulant boost in the diet were examined considering six diets (without the immunostimulant boost: 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%, and with the immunostimulant boost: 0.1% I, 0.15% I, and 0.2% I). We used 24 experimental units, each including 15 fish. Nile tilapia juveniles (1.88 g±0.25) were fed for 50 d with supplemented diets. Further, zootechnical indexes; histological changes in the liver, spleen, and intestine; intestinal morphology; and hemato-immunological parameters were evaluated. The fish that received supplementation showed higher zootechnical values, compared to those that did not receive the supplementation of immunostimulant reinforcement. Weight gain (30.45g±3.06), daily weight gain (0.60g±0.06), final weight (32.41g±3.15) and feed conversion (0.95±0.06) were higher in tilapia fed with an inclusion concentration of 0.2%. Hematological parameters were not affected by either the pre-mix concentrations or the booster of the immunostimulant. There was an increase in the number of intestinal folds, length of the fold, total area and number of goblet cells in the group supplemented with immunostimulant reinforcement. Supplementation with the immunostimulant promoted growth and improved intestinal morphology and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia juveniles.

Keywords:
fish farming; immunostimulant; feed additives; vitamins; minerals

Ingredient, g kg^-1	0,1%	0,1% I	0,15%	0,15% I	0,2%	0,2% I
Soybean meal	500.0	470.0	500.0	470.0	510.0	470.0
Poultry meal	100.0	130.0	100.0	130.0	100.0	130.0
Broken rice	208.0	250.0	218.5	249.5	219.0	249.0
Corn	182.0	100.0	171.0	100.0	160.0	100.0
Soybean oil	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0
Choline chloride	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Premix¹	1.0	1.0	1.5	1.5	2.0	2.0
Immunostimulant ²	0.0	40.0	0.0	40.0	0.0	40.0
Centesimal composition (g kg^-1)
Dry matter	873.8	878.0	871.6	890.0	889.9	897.5
Crude protein³	353.6	349.9	350.8	358.2	343.4	359.9
Ether extract³	54.2	543.	55.9	52.0	54.5	53.5
Mineral matter³	58.4	73.6	54.3	78.6	64.3	61.9

	0.1%	0.1% I	0.15%	0.15% I	0.2%	0.2% I	P Premix	P Immune	P Interaction
Final weight, g	16.36^b.y ±0.34	28.28^a.y ±3.70	18.46^b.xy ±1.28	28.59^{a. xy} ±2.29	19.37^b.x ±0.27	32.41^{a. x} ±3.15	0.0457	< 0.0001	0.3947
Weight gain, g	14.51^b.y ±0.29	26.29^a.y ±3.54	16.79^b.xy ±0.99	26.63^{a. xy} ±2.25	17.32^b.x ±0.27	30.45^{a. x} ±3.06	0.0507	< 0.0001	0.4571
Daily weight gain, g	0.29^b.y ±00.00	0.52^a.y ±0.07	0.33^b.xy ±0.01	0.53^{a. xy} ±0.04	0.34^b.x ±0.00	0.60 ^{a. x} ±0.06	0.0506	< 0.0001	0.4598
Food conversion	1.32^b.y ±0.00	1.04^a.y ±0.04	1.22^b.xy ±0.06	0.96^{a. xy} ±0.06	1.25^b.x ±0.03	0.95 ^{a. x} ±0.06	0.0189	< 0.0001	0.7682
Survival, %	57.77 ±38.61	100.00 ±0.00	76.66 ±26.03	85.00 ± 15.18	62.22 ±39.37	75.55 ±34.57	0.7852	0.1640	0.5925

	0.1%	0.1%I	0.15%	0.15%I	0.2%	0.2%I	P Premix	P Imuno	P Interaction
After 50 days of supplementation
Eritrocit (cel mL^-1)10⁶	1.38 ±0.17	1.41 ±0.22	1.60 ±0.15	1.63 ±0.75	1.48 ±0.13	1.47 ±0.24	0.0534	0.8190	0.9708
Hematocrit (%)	26.62 ±4.21	29.31 ±1.34	28.31 ±1.39	30.54 ±2.91	28.81 ±0.66	30.22 ±1.64	0.6297	0.1650	0.9375
Hemoglobin (g dL^-1)	15.67 ±5.41	12.03 ±2.40	14.14 ±6.36	16.28 ±7.85	11.00 ±4.22	12.81 ±5.89	0.9654	0.5103	0.5264
MCV (10⁴ fL)	1.8 ±0.23	2.22 ±0.52	1.79 ±0.20	1.90 ±0.23	1.95 ±0.41	1.96 ±014	0.1862	0.585	0.4367
MCH (10⁵ pg)	1.07 ±0.38	0.89 ±0.25	0.87 ±3.9	1.05 ±0.38	0.84 ±0.20	0.82 ±0.30	0.9540	0.6012	0.5839
MCHC (g dl^-1)	60.51 ±25.47	41.41 ±9.76	45.16 ±12.51	56.81 ±24.82	43.14 ±14.15	42.15 ±18.03	0.7145	0.5892	0.2711

	0.1%	0.1%I	0.15%	0.15%I	0.2%	0.2%I	P Premix	P Imuno	P Interaction
After 50 days of supplementation
Total protein (mg mL^-1)	38.89^b ±4.7	45.31^a ±9.69	40.25^b ±2.5	37.71^a ±3.75	35.71^b ±1.48	46.01^a ±2.6	0.5203	0.0489	0.0898
Total Ig (mg mL^-1)	17.44^b ±3.6	25.42^a ±10.05	16.09^b ±3.60	17.80^a ±2.63	14.08^b ±1.30	23.24^a ±2.9	0.2172	0.0069	0.2957
Agglutinating (Log²)	6.08 ±2.12	5.58 ±0.82	4.25 ±0.58	5.25 ±0.58	5.08 ±0.71	5.08 ±0.58	0.3731	0.1531	0.7069
MIC (Log²)	4.08 ±0.58	3.58 ±0.82	3.58 ±0.00	3.58 ±0.00	3.83 ±0.50	3.08 ±0.58	0.0624	0.3526	0.3526

	0.1%	0.1%I	0.15%	0.15%I	0.2%	0.2%I	P Premix	P Imuno	P Interaction
Intestinal morphology
NF	36.16 ±2.25^b	42.66 ±4.61^a	36.41 ±7.32 ^b	43.00 ±1.15 ^a	33.66 ±3.28 ^b	44.16 ±14.53 ^a	0.9753	0.0288	0.8454
L	24.32 ±8.21 ^b	34.62 ±1.41 ^a	28.27 ±12.93^b	37.37 ±3.58 ^a	26.87 ±7.34 ^b	30.12 ±10.13 ^a	0.9229	0.0106	0.3719
W	11.18 ±3.51	15.54 ±1.20	13.45 ±6.23	15.94 ±3.11	11.54 ±4.36	10.62 ±2.76	0.2037	0.1876	0.4344
NGC	47.1 ±19.13^b	51.8 ±7.6 ^a	33.7 ±7.6 ^b	45.1 ±12.0 ^a	35.7 ±9.0^b	56.2 ±10.5 ^a	0.4992	0.0164	0.4451
TA	17.20 ±8.72 ^b	38.10 ±7.25 ^a	31.19 ±15.91^b	38.76 ±9.95 ^a	17.71 ±9.84 ^b	26.3 ±19.69 ^a	0.1495	0.0331	0.6628
TP	3.36 ±1.24	5.14 ±0.84	4.35 ±1.16	5.02 ±0.57	3.15 ±1.06	4.19 ±2.32	0.3956	0.0752	0.8218
Histological alterations
EI	1.08 ±0.31	0.95 ±0.55	1.00 ±0.00	1.04 ±1.67	1.00 ±0.00	1.66 ±0.47	0.2145	0.2421	0.1346
LM	0.00 ±0.00	0.08 ±0.16	0.08 ±0.16	0.00 ±0.00	0.08 ±0.16	0.25 ±0.46	0.4866	0.5709	0.5682

	0.1%	0.1%I	0.15%	0.15%I	0.2%	0.2%I	P Premix	P Imuno	P Interaction
Cordial appearance	1.91 ±0.56	1.33 ±0.72	1.41 ±0.41	1.83 ±0.63	1.33 ±0.81	1.62 ±1.23	0.9107	0.8969	0.3928
Balloon appearance in the hepatocytes	1.91 ±0.68	2.08 ±0.31	2.16 ±0.43	1.83 ±0.19	1.66 ±0.27	1.66 ±0.47	0.2241	0.7535	0.504
Congestion of the pancreas	1.25 ±0.41	1.58 ±0.56	1.58 ±0.16	1.50 ±0.19	1.41 ±0.31	1.66 ±0.47	0.7581	0.3029	0.5308
Congestion of the sinusoids	1.08 ±0.31	1.41 ±0.16	1.00 ±0.27	1.33 ±0.60	1.25 ±0.56	1.08 ±0.56	0.9135	0.3777	0.457
Eosinophilic infiltrate	1.58 ±0.56	1.83 ±0.57	1.5 ±0.33	1.75 ±0.16	1.75 ±0.73	1.95 ±0.94	0.7528	0.3562	0.9969
Lymphocytic infiltrate	0.5 ±0.63	0.41 ±0.5	0.50 ±0.57	0.16 ±0.19	0.25 ±0.31	0.5 ±0.43	0.8636	0.7746	0.4726
Hypertrophy of the hepatocytes	2.33 ±0.27	2.25 ±0.56	2.16 ±0.43	1.62 ±0.75	1.83 ±0.43	2.00 ±0.72	0.3001	0.5089	0.4491
Loose melanomacrophages	0.08 ±0.16^a	0.00 ±00^b	0.25 ±0.31 ^a	0.00 ±0.00 ^b	0.50 ±0.57 ^a	0.00 ±0.00 ^b	0.3419	0.0248	0.3419
Macroesteatosis	1.83 ±1.13	2.16 ±1.03	2.41 ±0.56	1.75 ±0.68	1.83 ±0.57	2.33 ±0.60	0.9717	0.8673	0.3145
Microesteatosis	0.16±0.33	0.50±1.00	0.33±0.38	0.25±0.50	0.33±0.66	0.25±0.31	0.9866	0.8188	0.7177
Necrosis	2.5 ±0.19	2.5 ±0.57	2.25 ±0.73	1.66 ±0.47	2.75 ±0.31	2.08 ±0.68	0.1207	0.0722	0.4148

	0.1%	0.1%I	0.15%	0.15%I	0.2%	0.2%I	P Premix	P Imuno	P Interaction
Integrity of the white pulp	3.00 ±0.00	3.00 ±0.00	2.87 ±0.25	2.75 ±0.28	3.00 ±0.00	2.87 ±0.25	0.1515	0.2878	0.7445
Integrity of the red pulp	3.00 ±00	3.00 ±0.00	2.87 ±0.25	2.75 ±0.28	3.00 ±0.00	2.87 ±0.25	0.1515	0.2878	0.7445
Centers of melanomacrophages	1.12 ±0.25	1.00 ±0.00	1.37 ±0.75	1.00 ±0.00	1.12 ±0.25	1.25 ±0.50	0.7689	0.4486	0.4647
Loose melanomacrophages	1.00 ±00	1.00 ±00	0.87 ±0.25	1.00 ±0.00	1.12 ±0.25	1.12 ±0.25	0.1256	0.5709	0.7209
Necrosis	0.25 ±0.50	0.37 ±0.47	0.87 ±0.62	0.87 ±0.62	0.75 ±0.28	0.87 ±0.62	0.1013	0.7099	0.9650

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E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com

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[1] Corresponding author: luvia.sa@gmail.com