Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk in a 45-year-old woman

CASE REPORT

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk in a 45-year-old woman

José Luiz Balthazar Jacob; Fernando Vilela Salis

Instituto de Moléstias Cardiovasculares (IMC) - São José do Rio Preto

^{Correspondence}

We report a rare case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk in a 45-year-old woman. The approach and technique used for selective catheterization of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk are described. Six years after diagnosis, echocardiography showed left ventricular disfunction, and surgical treatment was indicated again. The origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk was closed, and the postoperative period was uneventful, with recovery of left ventricular function and disappearance of ischemic features on stress myocardial perfusion imaging with 99m Tc-sestamibi, performed 4 weeks after surgery.

Origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk is a rare congenital anomaly, usually detected in infancy due to myocardial ischemia ¹. Mortality is 85% during infancy, but some patients may present with the condition as adults ^2,3. The diagnosis is suspected by clinical history, electrocardiographic features, ischemia revealed in exercise treadmill testing or stress myocardial perfusion imaging, but the diagnosis is really established by angiographic study. Currently, color Doppler flow mapping can make and simplify the diagnosis in some cases. We report a case of this anomaly in a 45-year-old woman, diagnosed by coronary –arteriography, including selective catheterization of left coronary artery.

Case Report

A 45-year-old white woman was initially evaluated in 1972, due to palpitations. At the time, her physical examination and chest radiogram were normal and her electrocardiogram revealed an absent r wave in V1 and a small r in V2. Seven years later, during pregnancy, the patient experienced atypical chest pain and mild dyspnea. The electrocardiogram showed the same features, and the echocardiogram disclosed a prolapsed mitral valve without regurgitation. The symptoms disappeared spontaneously. In 1981, the patient experienced lymphatic leg edema that was followed by an angiologist. The patient did not have any cardiac symptoms until 1991, when she again experienced palpitations. The electrocardiogram and echo-Doppler cardiogram showed the same features described above, but an exercise treadmill test (Bruce protocol) revealed 2-mm ST depression after 9 minutes, and supraventricular ectopic beats. Chest pain was absent and these features were attributed to mitral valve prolapse. Propranolol 40 mg twice a day was started. In 1994, she was asymptomatic, but a new exercise treadmill test showed the same features described above. Left ventricular function was normal on the echocardiogram, with no abnormal echogenicity of the walls or papillary muscles. No abnormal flow to the pulmonary trunk was visible by the color Doppler mapping.

Stress perfusion myocardial imaging with 99m Tc-sestamibi at rest and during physical stress (Bruce protocol) was performed and disclosed a fixed defect in the apical area and large amounts of ischemia in the anterior wall (fig. 1A and B) with a mild reduced contractile apical wall. Although asymptomatic, the patient underwent cardiac catheterization, which showed the absence of a left coronary artery arising from the aorta. An enormously dilated, tortuous and dominant right coronary artery arose from the right aortic sinus, with a large number of collateral vessels feeding the left coronary system, which showed enlarged and tortuous vessels with a minimal shunt to the pulmonary trunk (fig. 2A). Opacification of the coronary system revealed dense irrigation of the left ventricular walls. The left ventriculogram was normal, without regional abnormalities of contraction or mitral regurgitation. Selective catheterization of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk was made with an 8 French Hemaquet introducer inserted percutaneously into the femoral vena, allowing the introduction of a right coronary Judkins catheter, which was advanced to the right atrium and ventricle, and arrived at the pulmonary artery across the pulmonary valve. The catheter tip was anchored in the posterior wall of the pulmonary trunk, just above the valve, and the catheter was forced into the pulmonary trunk, making a large loop and increasing the curvature of the tip. After this, the catheter was slowly withdrawn with counterclockwise rotation, allowing the selective catheterization of the left coronary artery. The selective injection in the left coronary showed a dilated short left main, small marginal branch of the left circumflex artery, and dilated proximal left anterior descending artery, followed by a narrow short segment with a contrast medium flow arrest, because the collateral supply was greater than the real coronary blood flow (fig. 2B). Surgical treatment was indicated, but not performed because the patient refused to have surgery. Six years after the diagnosis, an echocardiogram revealed that the ejection fraction of the left ventricle had declined, and surgical treatment was indicated again. This time the patient agreed. The origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk was closed and the postoperative period was uneventful. Four weeks after surgery, left ventricular function was normal and stress myocardial perfusion imaging, performed with the same technique and same physical stress previously described, was normal (fig. 1C and D).

Discussion

Origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, or Bland-White-Garland syndrome, is a rare anomaly that accounts for 0.5% of congenital malformations ². It is fre-quently lethal in children and adults ³. Infants develop congestive heart failure due to myocardial ischemia and die ⁴. Those rare patients who survive to adulthood may be asymptomatic, if collateral circulation is adequate. In older asymptomatic children or adults, signs of infarction or ischemia are absent on the electrocardiogram ⁴. In our case, the pattern of r wave in V1 and V2 was a sign of ischemic injury in the past. Echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse misled the interpretation of the first stress electrocardiogram test. Although a minimal shunt was shown by angiography, an error occurred in our color Doppler study, because a report in the literature described the accuracy of this method for detection of unsuspected abnormal flow to the pulmonary trunk, and the flow direction in the left coronary artery ⁵. After a stress myocardial perfusion test showing ischemic features was performed, coronary arteriography, which is the most accurate diagnostic method for this anomaly, was performed ⁶. In our patient, the cinecoronariographic features on the right coronary artery and collateral supply to the left coronary were the same described in other reports ^1-3. Normal left ventriculogram and normal echocardiographic features of the left ventricle were in disagreement with the fixed apical defect shown in stress myocardial perfusion imaging, suggesting a viable myocardial area. Most clinicians recognize the need for surgical treatment, due to reports of recurrent arrhythmias, cardiac failure, or sudden death ^3,7. Various surgical approaches have been described ^1,3,5,8. Frequently, the conventional angiographic study (right coronary arteriography or angiography in the pulmonary trunk) does not show the correct anatomy of the left coronary artery, due to opacification of large "collateral-like" vessels. For this reason, the surgical technique is frequently decided during the surgery, increasing mortality and morbidity. Patients who died suddenly after different surgical approaches have been described, although several authors suggest that the postoperative deaths were caused by preoperative myocardial dysfunction ³. Of the 7 patients reviewed by Purut et al ¹, only 1 died suddenly. Rarely, an asymptomatic adolescent or adult with this anomaly who presumably has had adequate collateral circulation dies suddenly ⁵. Most of the patients who were operated on in adulthood had symptoms, either arrhythmias or ischemic signs, on the electrocardiogram, and myocardial dysfunction or papillary muscle damage with mitral regurgitation ^2,3,7. We believe that the selective angiographic study is necessary, because it allows analysis of left coronary anatomy, flow balance between the left coronary and collateral vessels, and a more correct planning of the surgical approach. The catheterization, using the femoral vein approach, of coronary arteries arising from the aorta in children with congenital heart diseases has been previously described ⁹ and is a simple procedure, because in children the aorta is small in diameter. But difficulties exist for selective catheterization of the left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk in adults, due to the large trunk diameter and the curve of the catheter at the tricuspid valve. The selective catheterization technique above described was first reported by Jacob ¹⁰. Surgery is always indicated for treatment of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. The efficacy of the surgery with reimplantation of the left coronary artery in the aorta ⁸ or by internal mammary artery-left anterior descending artery bypass are confirmed by myocardial scintigraphy ¹¹.

In patients who refuse surgery, close follow-up is necessary. If left ventricular disfunction or significant ventricular arrhythmias are disclosed, surgical treatment should be reinforced. In our patient, the efficacy of surgery, using only closure of the origin of the left coronary artery was confirmed by the postoperative absence of regional ischemia, on stress myocardial scintillography performed 4 weeks after the surgical treatment.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Sept 2003
• Date of issue
  Aug 2003