Glaciological Mass balance of Znosko Glacier, King George Island

SUAREZ, WILSON; BELLO, CINTHYA; CRUZ, ROLANDO; ZEGARRA, JUAN; ARIAS, SANDRO; BRONDI, FABIAN

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202320220821

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GEOSCIENCES • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 95 (suppl 3) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320220821 copy

Glaciological Mass balance of Znosko Glacier, King George Island

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The present article objective is to determine the net mass balance of the glacier Znosko for periods 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. It is situated on King George Island which belongs to the groups Shetland of the South, Antarctic Peninsula region. For this objective, during February 2018 a net of 19 stakes (which were controlled once during February 2019 and 2020) were installed on the glacier ablation zone, drilling in the accumulation zone and about flights using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to control the glacier zone and geomorphological changes. For the year 2020, it was determined a glacier area of 1.71 ± 0.02 km², moreover, using five different methods of interpolation, it was obtained on average, as a result, a specific net balance of -590.7 ± 46.6 mm w.e (in water equivalent) for 2018-2019 and -686.7 ± 28.2 mm w.e for 2019-2020, being the ELA altitude 146.5 ± 18.2 m and 144.2 ± 8.3 m respectively. The two consecutive years represent negative net mass balances which are in accordance with other similar studies on this region, also glacier data were obtained on a zone that is characterized by its difficult access.

Key words
Antarctic; King George Island; Admiralty Bay; Mass balance; Znosko Glacier

Name	X	Y	Altitud
Name	X	Y	(m)
Stake_01	423410	3114059	21
Stake_02	423332	3114045	28
Stake_03	423250	3114020	42
Stake_04	423132	3113994	55
Stake_05	423008	3113956	80
Stake_06	422911	3113923	84
Stake_07	422815	3113868	121
Stake_08	422713	3113874	110
Stake_09	422571	3113872	109
Stake_10	422494	3113849	121
Stake_11	422367	3113786	143
Stake_12	422581	3113596	126
Stake_13	422862	3113671	99
Stake_14	423016	3113717	81
Stake_15	423286	3113728	52
Stake_16	423161	3114131	39
Stake_17	422955	3114080	64
Stake_18	422746	3114065	91
Stake_19	422577	3114043	116

Instrument	Pixel Resolution	Captor Resolution	Date	Objective	Reference
WorldView 2	< 1m	Pancromatic	Mar 2012	snow line position and glacier delimitation	https://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/worldview-2/
Landsat 8	30 m	OLI 9 Bands	Feb 2018	snow line position	https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-8/landsat-8-overview
Sentinel 2	10 m	MSI (Band 2 to 4)	Apr 2019	snow line position	https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/technical-guides/sentinel-2-msi/references
UAV orthophoto	< 1m	RGB	Jan 2019	DEM and glacier delimitation	-
UAV orthophoto	< 1m	RGB	Feb 2020	DEM, snow line position and glacier delimitation	-

Method	Reference
IDW	Mitas & Mitasova (2005)MITAS L & MITASOVA H. 2005. Spatial Interpolation BT. In Longley P, Goodchild M, Maguire D & Rhind D (Eds), Geographic Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management and Applications, 2a ed, Vol. 1: John Wiley & Sons, Spain, p. 481-492.
Kriging	Oliver & Webster (1990)OLIVER MA & WEBSTER R. 1990. Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 4(3): 313-332.
Natural Neighbor	Sibson (1981)SIBSON R. 1981. A Brief Description of Natural Neighbor Interpolation. In: Barnett V (Ed), Interpolating multivariate data. New York: John Wiley, p. 21-36.
Spline	Johnston et al. (2001)JOHNSTON K, VERHOEF J & KRIVORUCHKO K. 2001. Using ArcGISTM Geostatistical Analyst, New York: ESRITM, 306 p.
Spline with barrier	Smith & Wessel (1990)SMITH WHF & WESSEL P. 1990. Gridding with continuous curvature splines in tension. Geophysics 55(3): 293-305.

variable	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb	Annual
T (°C)	0.8	-1.3	-2.5	-4.3	-4.7	-5.8	-4.2	-2.5	-0.9	0.3	1.4	1.6	-1.8
PP (mm)	84.9	55	54.5	53.2	34.3	58.6	56.1	45.3	46	47.7	61.5	59.5	656.6

Method	Mass Bilan	Acumulation	Ablation	Acumulation Area (km²)	Ablation Area (km²)	AAR
Method	(mm.w.e.)	(mm.w.e.)	(mm.w.e.)	Acumulation Area (km²)	Ablation Area (km²)	AAR
Kriging	-580.6	190.7	-771.3	0.557	1.065	0.34
Spline	-573.5	233.5	-807.0	0.576	1.046	0.36
IDW	-625.3	150.7	-775.9	0.493	1.129	0.30
Natural Neighbor	-570.4	186.2	-756.7	0.560	1.056	0.35
Spline with barrier	-603.5	201.3	-804.7	0.556	1.066	0.34
Mean	-590.7	192.5	-783.1	0.55	1.07	0.34
Error	± 46.6	± 59.6	± 43.9	± 0.06	± 0.07	± 0.05

Method	Mass Bilan	Acumulation	Ablation	Acumulation Area (km²)	Ablation Area (km²)	AAR
Method	(mm.w.e.)	(mm.w.e.)	(mm.w.e.)	Acumulation Area (km²)	Ablation Area (km²)	AAR
Kriging	-674.0	274.4	-948.3	0.56	1.05	0.35
Spline	-680.3	320.5	-1000.8	0.58	1.03	0.36
IDW	-707.3	229.5	-936.8	0.52	1.09	0.32
Natural Neighbor	-677.0	265.8	-942.8	0.56	1.05	0.35
Spline with barrier	-695.2	263.0	-959.0	0.56	1.05	0.34
Mean	-686.7	270.7	-957.5	0.55	1.06	0.34
Error	± 28.2	± 65.4	± 51.2	± 0.04	± 0.04	± 0.03

Method	ELA Position to 2018-19 (m)				ELA Position to 2019 - 20 (m)
Method	min	Mean	max	Ecart	min	Mean	max	Ecart
Kriging	114.0	145.8	173.5	14.4	127.4	143.1	158.8	9.6
Spline	106.4	143.0	175.0	18.0	113.2	140.1	163.8	12.8
IDW	130.9	154.4	184.9	15.9	130.8	151.2	175.2	11.7
Natural Neighbor	115.4	143.5	170.0	13.2	126.9	143.0	155.9	8.3
Spline with barrier	112.5	145.7	176.2	16.1	124.7	143.6	157.8	9.8
Stakes		158			-	162	-	-
Mean	115.9	146.5	175.9	15.5	124.6	144.2	162.3	10.5
Error	± 18.2	± 9.2	± 11.0	-	± 13.4	± 8.3	± 15.6	-

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[1] Correspondence to: Wilson Suarez Alayza E-mail: wsuarez@senamhi.gob.pe