Habitat loss, deforestation, industrial agriculture, monoculture practices, mining, and other types of land-use changes |
Forest fragmentation, fires and other disruptions of natural habitats of bats resulted in outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra viruses in Australasia |
Field et al. (2001)FIELD H, YOUNG P, YOB JM, MILLS J, HALL L & MACKENZIE J. 2001.The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect 3: 307-314., Chua (2003)CHUA KB. 2003. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. J Clin Virol 26: 265-275., Epstein et al. (2006)EPSTEIN JH, FIELD HE, LUBY S, PULLIAM JRC & DASZAK P. 2006. Nipah virus: impact, origins, and causes of emergence. Curr Infect Dis Rep 8: 59-65.
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Deforestation and road expansion were associated with increased human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi (primary malaria vector) in the Peruvian Amazon |
Vittor et al. (2006)VITTOR AY, GILMAN RH, TIELSCH J, GLASS G, SHIELDS T, LOZANO WS, PINEDO-CANCINO V & PATZ JA. 2006. The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of Falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 3-11.
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Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss were associated with a higher prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among small mammals in an Atlantic Rain Forest landscape of Brazil |
Vaz et al. (2007)VAZ VC, D’ANDREA PS & JANSEN AM. 2007. Effects of habitat fragmentation on wild mammal infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitology 134: 1785-1793.
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Increasing of land cultivated for sugarcane and high annual mean temperature were associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome incidence in the Neotropics |
Prist et al. (2016)PRIST PR, URIARTE M, TAMBOSI LR, PRADO A, PARDINI R, D’ANDREA OS & METZGER JP. 2016. Landscape, environmental and social predictors of Hantavirus risk in São Paulo, Brazil. PLoS One 11: e0163459.
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Forest loss triggered increased risk of Kyasanur Forest disease (tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever) in India |
Walsh et al. (2019a)WALSH MG, MOR SM & HOSSAIN S. 2019b. The elephant-livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India. Proc Biol Sci 286: 20190179.
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Habitat changes of putative wild rodent reservoirs and agriculture-related activities were associated with fatalities from Sabiá virus infection (two in 1990 decade and one in 2020), São Paulo State, Brazil |
Ellwanger & Chies (2017)ELLWANGER JH & CHIES JAB. 2017. Keeping track of hidden dangers - The short history of the Sabiá virus. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 50: 3-8., Malta et al. (2020)MALTA FM ET. 2020. Sabiá virus-like mammarenavirus in patient with fatal hemorrhagic fever, Brazil, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 1332-1334.
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Land-use (e.g., habitat degradation) was associated with changes in parasite richness and prevalence, as well as co-infection patterns, of avian parasites |
Reis et al. (2021)REIS S, MELO M, COVAS R, DOUTRELANT C, PEREIRA H, LIMA R & LOISEAU C. 2021. Influence of land use and host species on parasite richness, prevalence and co-infection patterns. Int J Parasitol 51: 83-94.
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Agricultural and irrigation practices were associated with mosquito proliferation, with increases in Japanese encephalitis cases |
Keiser et al. (2005)KEISER J, MALTESE MF, ERLANGER TE, BOS R, TANNER M, SINGER BH & UTZINGER J. 2005. Effect of irrigated rice agriculture on Japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management. Acta Trop 95: 40-57.
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Deforestation for agriculture and cattle pasture was associated with development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the Amazonian soil microbiome |
Lemos et al. (2021)LEMOS LN, PEDRINHO A, VASCONCELOS ATR, TSAI SM & MENDES LW. 2021. Amazon deforestation enriches antibiotic resistance genes. Soil Biol Biochem 153: 108110.
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Anthropogenic deforestation associated with the shortage of fruiting due to drought-triggered movement of fruit bats to livestock areas, infecting pigs and then humans with Nipah virus in Malaysia |
Chua et al. (2002)CHUA KB, CHUA BH & WANG CW. 2002. Anthropogenic deforestation, El Niño and the emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia. Malays J Pathol 24: 15-21., Looi & Chua (2007)LOOI LM & CHUA KB. 2007. Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. Malays J Pathol 29: 63-67.
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Colonial practices in Indigenous areas had a major impact on the health of Indigenous populations, who were exposed to various infectious diseases transmitted by European colonizers and explorers in American and African continents, for example |
Valeggia & Snodgrass (2015)VALEGGIA CR & SNODGRASS JJ. 2015. Health of Indigenous peoples. Annu Rev Anthropol 44: 117-135., Owers et al. (2017)OWERS KA, SJÖDIN P, SCHLEBUSCH CM, SKOGLUND P, SOODYALL H & JAKOBSSON M. 2017. Adaptation to infectious disease exposure in indigenous Southern African populations. Proc Biol Sci 284: 20170226.
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Mining, logging, illegal land grabbing and other types of land-use changes in Indigenous lands favors the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, malaria, sexually transmitted infections, and other infectious diseases in Amazonian Indigenous populations |
Ellwanger et al. (2020)ELLWANGER JH ET AL. 2020. Beyond diversity loss and climate change: Impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health. An Acad Bras Cienc 92: e20191375., Vittor et al. (2021)VITTOR AY, LAPORTA GZ, SALLUM MAM & WALKER RT. 2021. The COVID-19 crisis and Amazonia’s indigenous people: Implications for conservation and global health. World Development 145: 105533.
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In Brazil, political changes permissible to illegal activities (e.g., logging, mining, fires, weakening of Indigenous leaders) on Indigenous Lands (Terras Indígenas) exposed Indigenous and traditional communities to multiple infectious diseases, including COVID-19 |
Brancalion et al. (2020)BRANCALION PHS ET AL. 2020. Emerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspect Ecol Conserv 18: 243-246., Ferrante et al. (2020)FERRANTE L, STEINMETZ WA, ALMEIDA ACL, LEÃO J, VASSÃO RC, TUPINAMBÁS U, FEARNSIDE PM & DUCZMAL LH. 2020. Brazil’s policies condemn Amazonia to a second wave of COVID-19. Nat Med 26: 1315.
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Mining and other types of land-use changes were associated with Buruli ulcer (caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) in southwestern Ghana |
Wu et al. (2015)WU J, TSCHAKERT P, KLUTSE E, FERRING D, RICCIARDI V, HAUSERMANN H, OPPONG J & SMITHWICK EAH. 2015. Buruli ulcer disease and its association with land cover in Southwestern Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003840.
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Agricultural practices exacerbated the risks of many infectious and parasitic diseases (hookworm, malaria, scrub typhus, spotted fever group diseases, schistosomiasis, Trichuris trichuria infection) in Southeast Asia |
Shah et al. (2019)SHAH HA, HUXLEY P, ELMES J & MURRAY KA. 2019. Agricultural land-uses consistently exacerbate infectious disease risks in Southeast Asia. Nat Commun 10: 4299.
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Mining related practices favored emerging infectious disease events in Africa, including Ebola outbreaks, with mining-associated political interests exacerbating such outbreaks |
Wallace et al. (2016)WALLACE RG, KOCK R, BERGMANN L, GILBERT M, HOGERWERF L, PITTIGLIO C, MATTIOLI R & WALLACE R. 2016. Did neoliberalizing West African forests produce a new niche for Ebola? Int J Health Serv 46: 149-165., Guégan et al. (2020)GUÉGAN JF, AYOUBA A, CAPPELLE J & DE THOISY B. 2020. Forests and emerging infectious diseases: unleashing the beast within. Environ Res Lett 15: 083007., Ostergard Jr (2021)OSTERGARD JR RL. 2021. Ebola and the pestilence of corporate and governmental corruption in Guinea: Did mining interests exacerbate the largest Ebola outbreak in history (2014-2016)? Extr Ind Soc 8: 316-330.
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Monoculture and other current food systems practices expose populations to various health issues, including infectious and parasitic diseases (in some cases derived from malnutrition) and multi-resistant microbes at a global scale |
Pradyumna et al. (2019)PRADYUMNA A, EGAL F & UTZINGER J. 2019. Sustainable food systems, health and infectious diseases: Concerns and opportunities. Acta Trop 191: 172-177., Everard et al. (2020)EVERARD M, JOHNSTON P, SANTILLO D & STADDON C. 2020. The role of ecosystems in mitigation and management of Covid-19 and other zoonoses. Environ Sci Policy 111: 7-17.
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Gold mine workers are highly exposed to hantavirus infection, malaria and leishmaniasis in South America |
Rotureau et al. (2006)ROTUREAU B, JOUBERT M, CLYTI E, DJOSSOU F & CARME B. 2006. Leishmaniasis among gold miners, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1169-1170., Terças-Trettel et al. (2019)TERÇAS-TRETTEL ACP ET AL. 2019. Malaria and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in gold mining in the Amazon region, Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16: 1852.
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Agricultural systems bring some bat species (e.g., Desmodus rotundus vampire bat) closer to humans and domestic animals, increasing the risk of bat-borne infections, including rabies outbreaks |
Rosa et al. (2006)ROSA ES ET AL. 2006. Bat-transmitted human rabies outbreaks, Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1197-1202., Kuzmin et al. (2011)KUZMIN IV, BOZICK B, GUAGLIARDO SA, KUNKEL R, SHAK JR, TONG S & RUPPRECHT CE. 2011. Bats, emerging infectious diseases, and the rabies paradigm revisited. Emerg Health Threats J 4: 7159.
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Infectious diseases events were associated with changes in forest cover and oil palm expansion at a global scale |
Morand & Lajaunie (2021)MORAND S & LAJAUNIE C. 2021. Outbreaks of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are associated with changes in forest cover and oil palm expansion at global scale. Front Vet Sci 8: 661063.
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Sugar cane monoculture favors some opportunistic rodents, favoring hantavirus infection in humans |
Figueiredo et al. (2010)FIGUEIREDO GG, BORGES AA, CAMPOS GM, MACHADO AM, SAGGIORO FP, SABINO JÚNIOR GS, BADRA SJ, ORTIZ AAA & FIGUEIREDO LTM. 2010. Diagnosis of hantavirus infection in humans and rodents in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 43: 348-354.
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Gold mining-associated activities and settlements favor the spread of infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, rabies, vector-borne diseases) in Australia, Africa, North America, and South America |
Ogola et al. (2002)OGOLA JS, MITULLAH WV & OMULO MA. 2002. Impact of gold mining on the environment and human health: a case study in the Migori Gold Belt, Kenya. Environ Geochem Health 24: 141-157., Eisler (2003)EISLER R. 2003. Health risks of gold miners: a synoptic review. Environ Geochem Health 25: 325-345.
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Anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., crop plantation, removal of vegetation cover for cattle raising) lead to simplification of ecosystems (biodiversity loss) and thus favor populations of opportunistic/generalist animal species that can transmit hemorrhagic fever viruses to humans |
Mills (2006)MILLS JN. 2006. Biodiversity loss and emerging infectious disease: An example from the rodent-borne hemorrhagic fevers. Biodiversity 7: 9-17.
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Co-circulation of Araraquara and Juquitiba hantaviruses in rodents was detected in the Brazilian Cerrado biome, with agricultural practices increasing the risk of human hantavirus infection |
Guterres et al. (2018)GUTERRES A, DE OLIVEIRA RC, FERNANDES J, MAIA RM, TEIXEIRA BR, OLIVEIRA FCG, BONVICINO CR, D’ANDREA PS, SCHRAGO CG & DE LEMOS ERS. 2018. Co-circulation of Araraquara and Juquitiba Hantavirus in Brazilian Cerrado. Microb Ecol 75: 783-789.
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Climate change and extreme weather events |
Climatic anomalies (with heavy rainfall and eventually flooding after periods of drought) and increase in air and sea surface temperatures triggered outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever in Africa |
Anyamba et al. (2001)ANYAMBA A, LINTHICUM KJ & TUCKER CJ. 2001. Climate-disease connections: Rift Valley Fever in Kenya. Cad Saude Publica 17: 133-140., Martin et al. (2008)MARTIN V, CHEVALIER V, CECCATO P, ANYAMBA A, DE SIMONE L, LUBROTH J, DE LA ROCQUE S & DOMENECH J. 2008. The impact of climate change on the epidemiology and control of Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech 27: 413-426.
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Fossil fuel-related climate change associated with air pollution favor the occurrence of respiratory infections (e.g, pneumonia, fungal infection, Hantavirus respiratory disease), especially in children |
Mirsaeidi et al. (2016)MIRSAEIDI M, MOTAHARI H, KHAMESI MT, SHARIFI A, CAMPOS M & SCHRAUFNAGEL DE. 2016. Climate change and respiratory infections. Ann Am Thorac Soc 13: 1223-1230., Brugha & Grigg (2014)BRUGHA R & GRIGG J. 2014. Urban air pollution and respiratory infections. Paediatr Respir Rev 15: 194-199.
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An increase in coccidioidomycosis cases in Arizona from 1998 to 2001 was associated with climatic and environmental changes such as wind, mean temperature, dust and rainfall because these factors affect the abundance of fungal arthrospores of Coccidioides species in the air |
Park et al. (2005)PARK BJ ET AL. 2005. An epidemic of coccidioidomycosis in Arizona associated with climatic changes, 1998-2001. J Infect Dis 191: 1981-1987.
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Extreme weather events, in association with de-urbanization, were associated with higher risk of flood-related non-cholera diarrhea in lower hygiene and sanitation groups in a post-flood period in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Rotavirus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Aeromonas were the most common pathogens causing non-cholera diarrhea episodes |
Hashizume et al. (2008)HASHIZUME M, WAGATSUMA Y, FARUQUE AS, HAYASHI T, HUNTER PR, ARMSTRONG B & SACK DA. 2008. Factors determining vulnerability to diarrhoea during and after severe floods in Bangladesh. J Water Health 6: 323-332.
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Climate change was associated with increased human cases of Lyme disease |
Germain et al. (2019)GERMAIN G ET AL. 2019. Quebec’s multi-party observatory on zoonoses and adaptation to climate change. Can Commun Dis Rep 45: 143-148.
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Fossil fuel-related climate change will change the distribution patterns of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the world in a way difficult to accurately predict, but in general favoring the spread of these diseases on a global scale |
Wilkinson et al. (2007)WILKINSON P, SMITH KR, JOFFE M & HAINES A. 2007. A global perspective on energy: health effects and injustices. Lancet 370: 965-978., Greer et al. (2008)GREER A, NG V & FISMAN D. 2008. Climate change and infectious diseases in North America: the road ahead. CMAJ 178: 715-722., Dantas-Torres (2015)DANTAS-TORRES F. 2015. Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly effect. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 4: 452-461., Wilke et al. (2019b)WILKE ABB, CHASE C, VASQUEZ C, CARVAJAL A, MEDINA J, PETRIE WD & BEIER JC. 2019a. Urbanization creates diverse aquatic habitats for immature mosquitoes in urban areas. Sci Rep 9: 15335.
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Climate change and land-use change were associated with an increased risk of acute gastrointestinal diseases |
Brubacher et al. (2020)BRUBACHER J, ALLEN DM, DÉRY SJ, PARKES MW, CHHETRI B, MAK S, SOBIE S & TAKARO TK. 2020. Associations of five food- and water-borne diseases with ecological zone, land use and aquifer type in a changing climate. Sci Total Environ 728: 138808.
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Climate abnormalities and melting of permafrost released Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of the anthrax disease, infecting reindeer, cattle, and humans |
Timofeev et al. (2019)TIMOFEEV V, BAHTEJEVA I, MIRONOVA R, TITAREVA G, LEV I, CHRISTIANY D, BORZILOV A, BOGUN A & VERGNAUD G. 2019. Insights from Bacillus anthracis strains isolated from permafrost in the tundra zone of Russia. PLoS One 14: e0209140., Maksimović et al. (2017)MAKSIMOVIĆ Z, CORNWELL MS, SEMREN O & RIFATBEGOVIĆ M. 2017. The apparent role of climate change in a recent anthrax outbreak in cattle. Rev Sci Tech 36: 959-963., Stella et al. (2020)STELLA E, MARI L, GABRIELI J, BARBANTE C & BERTUZZO E. 2020. Permafrost dynamics and the risk of anthrax transmission: a modelling study. Sci Rep 10: 16460.
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Temperature rise alters the distribution, optimal conditions for breeding, growth and survival of Schistosoma-related snails, and such conditions were associated with increased risk of spread and transmission of schistosomiasis |
Kalinda et al. (2017)KALINDA C, CHIMBARI M & MUKARATIRWA S. 2017. Implications of changing temperatures on the growth, fecundity and survival of intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis: A systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 80.
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Hunting, industrial livestock production, bushmeat practices, and other types of wildlife exploitation |
Bushmeat-related practices triggered the SARS-CoV emergence and outbreak in Asia in 2003 and 2004 |
Tu et al. (2004)TU C ET AL. 2004. Antibodies to SARS coronavirus in civets. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2244-2248., Kan et al. (2005)KAN B ET AL. 2005. Molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms. J Virol 79: 11892-11900., Wang et al. (2006)WANG LF, SHI Z, ZHANG S, FIELD H, DASZAK P & EATON BT. 2006. Review of bats and SARS. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1834-1840.
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Pervasive contact with wildlife (e.g., hunting, bushmeat-related practices), in association with forest fragmentation and loss, triggered Ebola virus disease outbreaks in Africa |
Judson et al. (2016)JUDSON SD, FISCHER R, JUDSON A & MUNSTER VJ. 2016. Ecological contexts of index cases and spillover events of different Ebolaviruses. PLoS Pathog 12: e1005780., Olivero et al. (2017)OLIVERO J ET AL. 2017. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Sci Rep 7: 14291., Rulli et al. (2017)RULLI MC, SANTINI M, HAYMAN DTS & D’ODORICO P. 2017. The nexus between forest fragmentation in Africa and Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Sci Rep 7: 41613.
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Coccidioimycosis cases resulted from armadillo hunting |
Costa et al. (2001)COSTA FAM, REIS RC, BENEVIDES F, TOMÉ GS & HOLANDA MA. 2001. Coccidioidomicose pulmonar em caçador de tatus. J Pneumologia 27: 275-278., Brillhante et al. (2012)BRILLHANTE RSN ET AL. 2012. Coccidioidomycosis in armadillo hunters from the state of Ceará, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107: 813-815., Capellão et al. (2015)CAPELLÃO RT, LAZAR A & BONVICINO CR. 2015. Infecção natural por agentes zoonóticos em tatus (Mammalia: Cingulata) na América do Sul. Bol Soc Bras Mastozool 73: 23-36.
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Poultry and livestock are sources of multiresistant E. coli isolates with clinical importance in China |
Yassin et al. (2017)YASSIN AK ET AL. 2017. Antimicrobial resistance in clinical Escherichia coli isolates from poultry and livestock, China. PLoS One 12: e0185326.
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Livestock and poultry are sources of antimicrobial resistance genes of Enterococcus spp. isolates in Lithuania |
Ruzauskas et al. (2009)RUZAUSKAS M, VIRGAILIS M, ŠIUGŽDINIENĖ R, SUŽIEDĖLIENĖ E, ŠEPUTIENĖ V, DAUGELAVIČIUS R, ZIENIUS D, ŠENGAUT J & PAVILONIS A. 2009. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from livestock in Lithuania. Vet Arhiv 79: 439-449.
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An animal-based agriculture river system was associated with antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. in Brazil, with multi-resistance found in 18% of isolates |
Palhares et al. (2014)PALHARES JCP, KICH JD, BESSA MC, BIESUS LL, BERNO LG & TRIQUES NJ. 2014. Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in an animal-based agriculture river system. Sci Total Environ 472: 654-661.
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Poultry and food products (e.g., retail meat, sushi, ready-to-eat foods) are sources of multi-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Europe |
Nemati et al. (2008)NEMATI M, HERMANS K, LIPINSKA U, DENIS O, DEPLANO A, STRUELENS M, DEVRIESE LA, PASMANS F & HAESEBROUCK F. 2008. Antimicrobial resistance of old and recent Staphylococcus aureus isolates from poultry: first detection of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant strain ST398. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52: 3817-3819., Li et al. (2019)LI H, ANDERSEN PS, STEGGER M, SIEBER RN, INGMER H, STAUBRAND N, DALSGAARD A & LEISNER JJ. 2019. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from food products in Denmark. Front Microbiol 10: 2681.
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A swine production system was associated with anti-microbial resistance in Campylobacter spp., E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in Australia |
Hart et al. (2004)HART WS, HEUZENROEDER MW & BARTON MD. 2004. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and enterococci associated with pigs in Australia. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 51: 216-21.
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Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Streptococcus and Salmonella enterica were detected in isolates obtained from dairy cows in Asian countries |
Chuanchuen et al. (2010)CHUANCHUEN R, AJARIYAKHAJORN K, KOOWATANANUKUL C, WANNAPRASAT W, KHEMTONG S & SAMNGAMNIM S. 2010. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from dairy cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 7: 63-69., Ding et al. (2016)DING Y, ZHAO J, HE X, LI M, GUAN H, ZHANG Z & LI P. 2016. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence-related genes of Streptococcus obtained from dairy cows with mastitis in Inner Mongolia, China. Pharm Biol 54: 162-167.
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Animals raised for consumption (e.g., chickens, pigs, cattle) use the majority (73%) of antimicrobials sold in the world, and these animals are major sources of multiple multi-resistant microbes, especially in developing countries and emerging economies, such as India, China, Brazil and Iran |
Van Boeckel et al. (2019)VAN BOECKEL TP, PIRES J, SILVESTER R, ZHAO C, SONG J, CRISCUOLO NG, GILBERT M, BONHOEFFER S & LAXMINARAYAN R. 2019. Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries. Science 365: eaaw1944.
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Hunting, cleaning and eating of armadillos were associated with the development of Hansen’s disease (Mycobacterium leprae infection) in humans |
Capellão et al. (2015)CAPELLÃO RT, LAZAR A & BONVICINO CR. 2015. Infecção natural por agentes zoonóticos em tatus (Mammalia: Cingulata) na América do Sul. Bol Soc Bras Mastozool 73: 23-36., Van Vliet et al. (2017)VAN VLIET N, MORENO J, GÓMEZ J, ZHOU W, FA JE, GOLDEN C, ALVES RRN & NASI R. 2017. Bushmeat and human health: Assessing the evidence in tropical and sub-tropical forests. Ethnobio Conserv 6: 3., da Silva et al. (2018)DA SILVA MB ET AL. 2018. Evidence of zoonotic leprosy in Pará, Brazilian Amazon, and risks associated with human contact or consumption of armadillos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006532.
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Human-promoted elephant-livestock interface increased anthrax transmission risk in India |
Walsh et al. (2019b)WALSH MG, MOR SM, MAITY H & HOSSAIN S. 2019a. Forest loss shapes the landscape suitability of Kyasanur Forest disease in the biodiversity hotspots of the Western Ghats, India. Int J Epidemiol 48: 1804-1814.
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The wildlife exploitation through hunting and trade of threatened wildlife species favors close contact between humans and wildlife, which are contributing factors of spillover events |
Johnson et al. (2020)JOHNSON CK, HITCHENS PL, PANDIT PS, RUSHMORE J, EVANS TS, YOUNG CCW & DOYLE MM. 2020. Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk. Proc Biol Sci 287: 20192736.
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Human interaction with animal species (wildlife exploitation, animal trade, livestock industry?) triggered the SARS-CoV-2 emergence and the related COVID-19 pandemic |
Lam et al. (2020)LAM TT ET AL. 2020. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature 583: 282-285., Zhang & Holmes (2020)ZHANG YZ & HOLMES EC. 2020. A Genomic perspective on the origin and emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Cell 181: 223-227., Zhang et al. (2020)ZHANG T, WU Q & ZHANG Z. 2020. Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak. Curr Biol 30: 1346-1351., Holmes et al. (2021)HOLMES EC ET AL. 2021. The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review. Cell 184: 4848-4856.
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Livestock/agro-pastoral activities were associated with occurrence of zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, Q-fever, and Rift Valley fever, affecting both humans and livestock in Ethiopia |
Ibrahim et al. (2021)IBRAHIM M, SCHELLING E, ZINSSTAG J, HATTENDORF J, ANDARGIE E & TSCHOPP R. 2021. Sero-prevalence of brucellosis, Q-fever and Rift Valley fever in humans and livestock in Somali Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0008100.
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Hunting, bushmeat and related activities caused the HIV spillover from wild primates to humans in Africa (around 1920 or before), later (around 1960) spreading around the world as a result of road expansion and globalization, among other social and economic factors |
Hahn et al. (2000)HAHN BH, SHAW GM, DE COCK KM & SHARP PM. 2000. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 287: 607-614., Gray et al. (2009)GRAY RR ET AL. 2009. Spatial phylodynamics of HIV-1 epidemic emergence in east Africa. AIDS 23: F9-F17., Faria et al. (2014)FARIA NR ET AL. 2014. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations. Science 346: 56-61., Gryseels et al. (2020)GRYSEELS S, WATTS TD, KABONGO MPOLESHA JM, LARSEN BB, LEMEY P, MUYEMBE-TAMFUM JJ, TEUWEN DE & WOROBEY M. 2020. A near full-length HIV-1 genome from 1966 recovered from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117: 12222-12229.
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Reassortment of different influenza viruses in swine creates new subtypes of influenza, the causative agent of the Spanish flu (1918) and the swine flu (2009); Influenza reassortment events are facilitated by livestock practices |
Tomley & Shirley (2009)TOMLEY FM & SHIRLEY MW. 2009. Livestock infectious diseases and zoonoses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2637-2642., Shi et al. (2014)SHI Y, WU Y, ZHANG W, QI J & GAO GF. 2014. Enabling the ‘host jump’: structural determinants of receptor-binding specificity in influenza A viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 12: 822-831.
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Urbanization, de-urbanization, and environmental changes due to infrastructure expansion |
The construction of the Binational Itaipu Reservoir contributed to the proliferation of Anopheles mosquitoes and the increase in Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in the region of the Paraná River (Brazil) |
Falavigna-Guilherme et al. (2005)FALAVIGNA-GUILHERME AL, SILVA AM, GUILHERME EV & MORAIS DL. 2005. Retrospective study of malaria prevalence and Anopheles genus in the area of influence of the Binational Itaipu Reservoir. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 47: 81-86., Leandro et al. (2021)LEANDRO AS, LOPES RD, MARTINS CA, RIVAS AV, DA SILVA I, GALVÃO SR & MACIEL-DE-FREITAS R. 2021. The adoption of the One Health approach to improve surveillance of venomous animal injury, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009109.
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In Fiji, the presence of Leptospira antibodies was associated with different environmental and socio-demographic variables such as living in villages, lack of access to treated water, working outdoors, living in rural areas, high poverty rates, contact with animals, among other factors |
Lau et al. (2016)LAU CL, WATSON CH, LOWRY JH, DAVID MC, CRAIG SB, WYNWOOD SJ, KAMA M & NILLES EJ. 2016. Human leptospirosis infection in Fiji: An eco-epidemiological approach to identifying risk factors and environmental drivers for transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004405.
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The construction of dams was associated with malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa |
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Poorly planned urbanization, presence of waste, and precarious sanitation conditions were linked to the proliferation of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and circulation of urban arboviruses (e.g., dengue, chikungunya and zika) |
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Poor housing conditions in association with loss of habitat and food sources favor the infestation of human dwellings by triatomine bugs, transmitters of T. cruzi (Chagas disease agent) |
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Human contact with wildlife that resulted from mining and entering caves promoted Marburg virus outbreaks in Africa (infection source linked to bats in caves and mines) |
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Higher risk of schistosomiasis infection due to the construction of dams (water blockage) in Africa |
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Overcrowding, environmental contamination, exposure to disease vectors and lack of public health infrastructure favors the transmission of infectious and parasitic diseases in Indigenous populations in many countries |
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Marginalized and Indigenous peoples in the United States and Brazil experience disproportionate burdens of COVID-19 (both morbidity and mortality) due to social injustice, lack of vaccines and public health infrastructure, and political weakening of Indigenous leaders |
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Infrastructure problems, water contamination and poverty favor infectious and parasitic diseases in Indigenous populations of the Arctic |
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