We take Anísio Teixeira as a hub, from which we aim to design the configuration of networks, linking subjects and institutions. We focus on the period between 1935 and 1947, scrutinizing the editorial work he carried out for Companhia Editora Nacional, based on documentation from the publisher's collection at the Center for Memory and Historical Research of the History Department of EFLCH/UNIFESP. The sources also include documents about Anísio's brief stay at UNESCO, between July 15, 1946 and February 15, 1947, existing at CPDOC-FGV and at the UNESCO Archives, Collection Preparatory Commission for UNESCO (Prep.Com) , 1945-1946, and Anísio Teixeira Personal Dossier (DPAT). The text is structured in two parts which combine with the introduction and final comments. In the first part, we highlight Anísio's work in Cia. Editora Nacional. In the second one, the focus shifts to his career at UNESCO. In both cases, it is the mobile web of networks that drives the writing, guided by an argument based on the transnational history of education. It is important to highlight that when we address the reflection to a transnational perspective, we are not neglecting the national space, nor placing Brazil in a peripheral position with respect to a supposed center that disseminates knowledge. On the contrary, we intend to reconfigure the territory based on the experiences of the subjects, the exchanges established, problematizing the confinement of physical borders in the organization of the educational field, in a time marked by the spread of authoritarian governments, war and reconstruction efforts on a global scale.

Tomamos a Teixeira como hub, desde donde pretendemos diseñar la configuración de redes, vinculando sujetos e instituciones. Nuestra atención se centra en el período comprendido entre 1935 y 1947, escudriñando la labor editorial que realizó para la Compañía Editora Nacional, a partir de documentación del fondo de la editorial, depositada en el Centro de Memoria e Investigaciones Históricas de la EFLCH/UNIFESP. Las fuentes también incluyen documentos sobre la breve estancia de Anísio en la UNESCO, entre el 15 de julio de 1946 y el 15 de febrero de 1947, existentes en el CPDOC-FGV y en el Archivo de la UNESCO, Fundo Comisión Preparatoria de la UNESCO (Prep.Com), 1945-1946, y Anísio Dossier Personal de Teixeira (DPAT). El texto se estructura en dos partes: en la primera parte destacamos el trabajo de Anísio en la Cia. Editora Nacional; en el segundo, la atención se centra en su carrera en la UNESCO. En ambos casos, es la red móvil de redes la que impulsa la escritura, guiada por un argumento basado en la historia transnacional de la educación. Es importante resaltar que cuando dirigimos la reflexión a una perspectiva transnacional, no estamos descuidando el espacio nacional, ni colocando a Brasil en una posición periférica respecto de un supuesto centro difusor de conocimientos. Por el contrario, pretendemos reconfigurar el territorio a partir de las experiencias de los sujetos, de los intercambios establecidos, problematizando el confinamiento de las fronteras físicas en la organización del campo educativo, en una época marcada por la expansión de gobiernos autoritarios, la guerra y los esfuerzos de reconstrucción a escala mundial.

Tomamos Anísio Teixeira como um hub, a partir do qual, almejamos desenhar a configuração de redes, enlaçando sujeitos e instituições. Nossa atenção recai sobre o período entre 1935 e 1947, esmiuçando o trabalho editorial que realizou para Companhia Editora Nacional, a partir da documentação do acervo da editora, depositado Centro de Memória e Pesquisa Histórica do Departamento de História da EFLCH/UNIFESP. As fontes incluem, ainda, os documentos sobre a breve passagem de Anísio pela UNESCO, entre 15 de julho de 1946 e 15 de fevereiro de 1947, existentes no CPDOC-FGV e no UNESCO Archives, Fundo Preparatory Commission for UNESCO (Prep.Com), 1945-1946, e Dossiê Pessoal Anísio Teixeira (DPAT). O texto está estruturado em duas partes que se combinam com a introdução e com considerações finais. Na primeira parte, ressaltamos a atuação de Anísio junto à Cia. Editora Nacional. Na segunda, o foco se desloca para sua trajetória na UNESCO. Em ambos os casos, é a trama móvel das redes que conduz a escrita, guiada por uma argumentação alicerçada na história transnacional da educação. É importante realçar que ao endereçarmos a reflexão para a perspectiva transnacional, não estamos descurando do espaço nacional, nem colocando o Brasil na posição periférica com respeito a um suposto centro difusor de saber. Ao contrário, pretendemos reconfigurar o território a partir das experiências dos sujeitos, das trocas estabelecidas, problematizando o confinamento das fronteiras físicas na organização do campo educacional, em uma época marcada pela disseminação de governos autoritários, guerra e esforço de reconstrução em escala mundial.

Abstract The aim of this multicenter study was to explore the early-life sugar consumption and dietary practices in Latin America as well as to investigate the association between breastfeeding duration and the age at which foods and beverages with added sugars are introduced. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 805 1- to 3-year-old children from 10 Latin American countries, as a complementary study to the Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region (OICAL). A Food Frequency Questionnaire previously tested in different countries was applied to children’s mothers and data on breastfeeding and age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was collected. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis test and Poisson regression with robust variance, with the calculation of crude and adjusted mean ratios (MR) and 95% of confidence intervals (CI). The average age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was 10.1 months (95%CI 9.7–10.4) and 9.6 (95%CI 9.2–9.9) months, respectively, with a significant variation between countries (p < 0.001). The average daily frequency of sugary foods-beverages was 3.3 times per day (95%CI 3.1–3.5) and varied significantly between countries (p = 0.004). Breastfeeding duration of over six months was associated with an increase in the age of introduction of sweet drinks (16%; MR 1.16; 95%CI 1.05–1.28) and foods (21%; MR 1.21; 95%CI 1.10–1.33). In conclusion, most children from vulnerable settings in Latin America start consuming sugary products in the first year of life and a high frequency of consumption was reported through early childhood. Additionally, breastfeeding contributes to a delay in the introduction of sugary products.

Resumen Introducción: el consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos (ENN) se ha incrementado. Estudios recientes han reportado posibles efectos metabólicos de los ENN, por lo que la percepción de su consumo podría haber cambiado en población general y profesionales de la salud. Objetivo: describir y comparar las creencias sobre los ENN en consumidores, no consumidores y profesionales de la salud, así como conocer las principales opiniones de los profesionales de la salud para recomendar o no el consumo de ENN. Métodos: se aplicaron encuestas a 100 consumidores, 100 no consumidores y 100 profesionales de la salud (nutriólogos y médicos) para evaluar actitudes positivas, negativas o neutras en torno a ciertas creencias de los ENN, la información que creen tener, seguridad, precio, efectos secundarios y sabor. Además, se evaluó la opinión de los profesionales de la salud para recomendar o no su consumo y las razones asociadas. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias entre los tres grupos en torno a la seguridad, los efectos secundarios y el sabor de los ENN (p < 0.01). La postura más frecuente de los profesionales de la salud (48 %) es que los ENN deben limitarse, utilizarse transitoriamente y en ciertos pacientes. Se observó una postura más positiva con respecto a los ENN en los consumidores excepto por su precio, más neutral en los no consumidores excepto por su sabor y más negativa en los profesionales de la salud en todos los aspectos. Conclusiones: las creencias sobre los ENN difieren entre los grupos estudiados, lo cual puede influir en su consumo o en la recomendación de su uso.

Abstract Introduction: the consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) has increased. Recent studies have reported possible metabolic effects of NNS, and this may influence the perception regarding their consumption in the general population and health professionals. Objective: to describe and compare the beliefs about NNS in consumers, non-consumers, and health professionals; and to explore the reasons and opinions of health professionals for recommending or not their consumption. Methods: surveys were applied to 100 consumers, 100 non-consumers and 100 health professionals (dietitians and physicians) to evaluate a positive, negative, or neutral attitude towards certain beliefs regarding NNS, including the information they have, safety, price, side effects and taste. In addition, the opinion of health professionals for recommending or not the consumption of NNS and the related reasons was evaluated. Results: statistically significant differences regarding the safety, side effects and taste of NNS were found between the three groups (p < 0.01). The most frequent opinion of health professionals (48 %) is that NNS should be limited, used as a transition and in certain patients. Consumers tend to have a more positive opinion about NNS except for the price, non-consumers have a more neutral position except for taste, and health professionals have a more negative perception of NNS in all aspects. Conclusions: the beliefs regarding NNS differed among the studied groups, which might influence their consumption or recommendation of its use.

Abstract Web APIs enable software reuse and access to services and resources, and have produced a real business perspective, the API Economy. For this reason, insights have become essential, to help define benchmarks and provide insights into emerging trends at various stages of the development lifecycle. This paper presents the results of the first survey focused mainly on developers in Argentina. The objective of the study is to know the uses and problems of software developers who consume web APIs in Argentina. This survey collected information based on opinions and experiences. The results indicate that external APIs, such as REST, storage, eCommerce are the most used. The most critical issues reported focus on changes due to the evolution of the APIs and the fields included in the responses. In relation to usability, errors such as the lack or poor documentation and, as a worrying aspect, the predominance of manual problem solving stand out.

Resumen Las API web permiten la reutilización de software y el acceso a servicios y recursos; han producido una perspectiva de negocio real: la “economía API”. Por esta razón, se ha vuelto esencial obtener información, para ayudar a definir puntos de referencia y conocer las tendencias emergentes en las distintas etapas del ciclo de vida del desarrollo. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de la primera encuesta enfocada a desarrolladores en Argentina (principalmente). El objetivo del estudio es conocer los usos y problemáticas de los desarrolladores de software que consumen APIs web en nuestro país. Esta encuesta recogió información basada en opiniones y experiencias. Los resultados indican que las APIs externas, como REST, almacenamiento e eCommerce son las más utilizadas. Los problemas más críticos reportados se centran en los cambios debido a la evolución de las APIs y el acceso a las respuestas de las cuestiones que implican estos cambios. En relación con la usabilidad destacan errores como la falta o mala documentación y, como aspecto preocupante, el predominio de la resolución manual de problemas.

Resumo Avaliar o impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) em crianças de dez países da América Latina (AL). Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 930 pares de crianças/pais de 1 a 3 anos de 10 países da AL, como estudo complementar do Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region. A escala ECOHIS, previamente testada e validada em dez países, foi aplicada a pais/cuidadores de crianças para mensurar a QVRSB. A análise estatística incluiu análise descritiva de dados e análise de variância unidirecional (ANOVA-One-Way) para comparar grupos etários com QVRSB. Procedimentos de bootstrapping (1000 reamostragens; 95%IC Bca) foram realizados. A pontuação média da seção 'Impacto na Criança' na AL foi 4,0 (±8,3), na seção ‘Impacto na Família’ foi 2,0 (±4,0) e no escore total do ECOHIS foi 6,0 (±12,0). Na seção 'Impacto na Criança', Argentina 10,0(+2,4) e Venezuela 17,8(±17,5) demonstraram pontuações médias superiores aos dados totais da AL. Na seção ‘Impacto na Família’, os países com pontuações médias mais altas foram Argentina 4,9(±2,0), Equador 2,1(±3,1) e Venezuela 7,9(±7,8). No escore total do ECOHIS, Argentina 15,1 (±4,1) e Venezuela 25,7(±25,2) apresentaram escores médios superiores aos valores de AL. Houve associação entre a idade das crianças e o relato dos pais de impacto na QVRSB (p<0,001). As crianças de três anos tiveram média maior quando comparadas às de um e dois anos, tanto nas seções 'Impacto na Criança' e ‘Impacto na Família’ (p<0,001), quanto no escore total ECOHIS (p<0,001). Em conclusão, houveram diferenças na QVRSB entre os países da América Latina, impactando de forma mais significativa as crianças mais velhas.

Abstract To assess the impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in infants in ten Latin America countries (LAC). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 930 pairs of 1-to-3-year-old children/parents from 10 LAC, as a complementary study of the Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region. The scale ECOHIS, previously tested and valid in ten countries, was applied to parents/caregivers of children to measure OHRQoL. Statistical analysis included descriptive data analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA-One-Way) were performed to compare age groups with OHRQoL. Bootstrapping procedures (1000 re-samplings; 95%CI Bca) were performed. The mean scores of the ‘Child Impact’ section in the LAC was 4.0(±8.3), in the ‘Family Impact’ section was 2.0(±4.0), and in overall ECOHIS score was 6.0(±12.0). In the ‘Child Impact’ section, Argentina 10.0(+2.4) and Venezuela 17.8(±17.5) demonstrated mean scores higher than the LAC total data. In the ‘Family Impact’ section, the countries with higher mean scores were Argentina 4.9(±2.0), Ecuador 2.1(±3.1) and Venezuela 7.9(±7.8). In the overall ECOHIS score, Argentina 15.1 (±4.1) and Venezuela 25.7(±25.2) has higher mean scores than the values of LAC. There is an association between children's age and parents' report of impact on the OHRQoL (p<0.001). Three-year-olds had a higher mean when compared to one- and two-year-olds, both in the Impact on the Child and Impact on the Family (p<0.001) sections, as well as in the overall ECOHIS (p<0.001). In conclusion, there are differences in OHRQoL among Latin American countries, impacting older children more significantly.

Abstract Introduction: The loss of muscle mass is becoming a very common problem among critically ill patients and it’s also strongly related to their prognosis and quality of life after lea-ving the intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the loss of muscle mass in the first five days, since the patient is admitted to the intensive care unit, and if there is a relationship between this muscle wasting and the nutritional support provided to patients. Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled adult patients admitted in the intensive care unit between January and March 2020. On the day of admission and on the fifth day of follow-up, an ultrasound evaluation of the thickness of the biceps brachii and quadriceps femoris was performed. During the five-day period we also analyzed the energy and protein support that was provided to the patients. Results: Thirty five patients were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 64±15, mostly male gender (62.9%). There was a loss of 1.77 mm in the thickness of the biceps brachii and 2.19 mm in the quadriceps femoris. We observed that the patients received an estimated daily nutritional support that corresponds to 20.0% of their energy and 24.9% of their protein needs. Conclusion: It is feasible to objectively and non-invasively evaluate the muscle mass in critically ill patients and there was a significant decrease in muscle mass in the first days after admission. The nutritional support provided was significantly lower than recommended.

Resumo Introdução: A perda de massa muscular é um problema cada vez mais prevalente em doentes críticos, estando fortemente relacionada com o seu prognóstico e com a qualidade de vida após a saída da unidade de cuidados intensivos. Pretendeu-se com este estudo avaliar a perda da massa muscular nos primeiros cinco dias de internamento, e se existia uma correlação entre esta e o suporte nutricional fornecido aos doentes. Métodos: Estudo prospetivo observacional entre janeiro e março de 2020 num serviço de cuidados intensivos. No dia de admissão e no quinto dia de internamento procedeu-se à avaliação ecográfica da espessura da massa muscular do bíceps braquial e do quadríceps femoral. Durante o período de cinco dias também se analisou o suporte nutricional energético e proteico. Resultados: Avaliaram-se 35 doentes com idade média de 64±15 anos, maioritariamente do género masculino (62,9%). A espessura da massa muscular foi avaliada com recurso à ecografia, tendo-se obtido uma perda de 1,77 mm na espes-sura do bíceps braquial e 2,19 mm no quadríceps femoral. Os doentes receberam um suporte nutricional correspondente a 20,00% das suas necessidades proteicas e 24,94% das suas necessidades energéticas estimadas. Conclusão: É possível avaliar de forma rápida, objectiva e não invasiva a massa muscular do doente crítico e verificou-se a perda significativa de massa muscular na fase inicial do internamento. O suporte nutricional fornecido foi consideravelmente inferior às recomendações.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do retardo de resfriamento de morangos ‘San Andreas’ sobre a manutenção da qualidade dos frutos, bem como sobre os compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e a atividade antioxidante total (AAT), após o armazenamento refrigerado. Os tratamentos consistiram no resfriamento nos tempos de 0 (controle, resfriamento imediato), 3, 6, 9 e 12 horas (em temperatura ambiente), após a colheita. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, os frutos foram armazenados sob refrigeração (4 ± 0,5 °C e 92 ± 2% de UR), durante 5, 6, 7 e 8 dias, seguidos por mais 2 dias de exposição, em condição ambiente (20 ± 2 °C e 65 ± 5% de UR). Os morangos com o maior retardo de resfriamento apresentaram maior perda de massa fresca, além de menor firmeza, a partir de 7 dias de armazenamento. De maneira geral, os menores valores de incidência e severidade de podridões foram observados nos frutos do tratamento com resfriamento imediato após a colheita, quando armazenados por 7 e 8 dias, seguidos por mais 2 dias em condições ambiente. O retardo do resfriamento por até 6 horas não causa aumento de podridões até 5 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, mais 2 dias em condições ambiente. Os valores de CFT e AAT apresentaram aumento com o retardo de até 6 horas do resfriamento dos frutos, aos 6 dias de armazenamento seguidos por mais 2 dias em condições ambiente, e a AAT aumentou com o aumento do atraso no resfriamento dos frutos em até 12 horas, após 8 dias de armazenamento mais 2 dias em condições ambiente. O atraso no resfriamento causa perdas na qualidade dos frutos de morango, de acordo com o tempo de armazenamento.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the cooling delay of 'San Andreas' strawberries on the maintenance of fruit quality, as well as on Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) after refrigerated storage. Treatments consisted of no cooling at times 0 (control, immediate cooling), 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours (at room temperature) after harvest. After application of the treatments, the fruits were stored under refrigeration (4 ± 0.5 ºC and 92 ± 2% RH) for 5, 6, 7 and 8 days, followed by a further 2 days of exposure in ambient conditions (20 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). Strawberries with the greatest cooling delay added significant loss of fresh mass, in addition to less firmness after 7 days of storage. In general, the lowest values of rot incidence and severity were observed in the fruits of the treatment with immediate cooling after harvest, when stored for 7 and 8 days, followed by 2 more days in ambient conditions. Delaying cooling for up to 6 hours did not cause increased decay for up to 5 days of refrigerated storage, plus 2 days at ambient conditions. The values of TPC and TAA showed a dissipation with a delay of up to 6 hours of cooling of the fruits, at 6 days of storage followed by another 2 days in ambient conditions, and the TAA increased with the increase of the delay in the cooling of the fruits in up to 12 hours, after 8 days of storage plus 2 days at ambient conditions. The delay in cooling could cause losses in strawberry fruit quality, according to storage time.

Resumen Los murciélagos son reservorios importantes de virus que pueden causar diversos problemas económicos y de salud en diferentes sectores. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del virus de la rabia en murciélagos vampiro. También se evaluó la prevalencia de 3 virus zoonóticos más en el tejido recolectado. Se capturó un total de 45 individuos, los cuales fueron medidos y sexados bajo parámetros estándar. Se efectuó la reacción de RT-PCR para amplificar los productos virales de 4 tipos de virus: chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV), rabia (RABV) y Zika (ZIKV) de tejido cerebral. Se obtuvo un amplicón de 100 pb para ZIKV en 2 muestras, lo que representa una prevalencia del 4.4%. Para el caso de RABV, se obtuvo un amplicón de 581 pb en 9 individuos, lo que equivale al 20% de la muestra. Se obtuvieron 4 haplotipos diferentes para RABV y un solo haplotipo para ZIKV. También se evaluó la presencia de virus del dengue (DENV) y virus de chikungunya (CHIKV), pero no se encontraron muestras positivas. Se corroboró la presencia de la familia Rhabdoviridae en el murciélago vampiro y se registró por primera vez la presencia de ZIKV en Desmodus rotundus.

Abstract Bats are important reservoirs of viral entities that cause diverse economical and health problems in several sectors. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the rabies virus in vampire bats. We also tested for 3 other zoonotic viruses in the collected tissue. We captured 45 vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), which were measured and sexed under standard parameters. We followed an RT-PCR reaction to amplify the viral products of four virus types: chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV), rabies (RABV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) from cerebral tissue. We obtained an amplicon of 100 bp for ZIKV in 2 samples, representing a prevalence of 4.4%. An amplicon of 581 bp for RABV was observed in 9 individuals, which is equivalent to 20% of our sample. We obtained 4 different haplotypes for RABV and a single haplotype for ZIKV. We did not record the presence of DENV and CHIKV. We corroborated the presence of the family Rhabdoviridae in the vampire bat and recorded the presence of ZIKV for the first time in this bat species.

Abstract Background: Unplanned extubations are safety events relatively frequent in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU). This study aimed to describe the frequency and characteristics of unplanned extubations in a NICU. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of unplanned extubations in the NICU of a tertiary regional referral hospital. We reviewed medical records for data collection and performed the statistical analysis, comparing the cases of unplanned extubations with those in which it did not occur among all the cases that received intubation and invasive neonatal mechanical ventilation. Results: A total of 958 newborns were admitted to the NICU, of which 174 required assistance with invasive mechanical ventilation (18.1%) and 28 experienced unplanned extubations (16.1%): 25 patients with one episode, one with two episodes, and two with three episodes. The rate was 2.93 unplanned extubations for every 100 days of invasive mechanical ventilation in 5 years, with a significant decrease in the last three years (p = 0.0158). We found a statistically significant correlation between a weight < 1500 g and unplanned extubation in the multivariate analysis, although sedation appears to affect its interaction. Conclusions: Unplanned extubations are a relatively frequent problem, although with a tendency to decrease in recent years. The weight of the patients at birth and sedation during ventilation are important factors in this safety problem.

Resumen Introducción: La extubación no programada es un evento de seguridad relativamente frecuente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la frecuencia y las características de las extubaciones no programadas en una UCIN. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de las extubaciones no programadas en la UCIN de un hospital regional de referencia de tercer nivel. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se realizó el análisis estadístico de los datos, comparando los casos de extubación no programada con aquellos en los que no sucedió entre todos los pacientes que recibieron intubación y ventilación mecánica invasiva neonatal. Resultados: Ingresaron en la UCIN 958 neonatos, de los cuales 174 precisaron asistencia con ventilación mecánica invasiva (18.1%) y 28 tuvieron una extubación no programada (16.1%). De estos, 25 presentaron un episodio, uno presentó dos episodios y dos presentaron tres episodios de extubación no programada. La tasa fue de 2.93 extubaciones no programadas por cada 100 días de ventilación mecánica invasiva en 5 años, con una importante disminución en los últimos 3 años (p = 0.0158). El peso < 1500 g se relacionó con las extubaciones no programadas de forma estadísticamente significativa en el análisis multivariante, aunque la sedación aparece como un factor modificador de efecto a través de su interacción. Conclusiones: Las extubaciones no programadas son un problema relativamente frecuente, aunque con tendencia a disminuir en los últimos años. El peso de los pacientes al nacimiento y la sedación son factores importantes en este problema de seguridad.

Abstract Background: prediabetes is a state observed before type-2 diabetes. Nowadays the obesity epidemic could be due to a rise in the incidence of prediabetes. Mexico has public policies for the management of non-communicable diseases. However, obesity rates continue to increase. The aim of this study was to elaborate on a diagnosis of prediabetes in the pediatric Mexican population, and compare the proportions of comorbidities that children with and without prediabetes had. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed with 569 participants of 4 to 19 years of age from public schools. Anthropometric (weight, height, and waist circumference), clinical (blood pressure), and biochemical (fasting glucose, lipidic profile, and uric acid) variables were collected. Results: in all, 8.6 % of the population had prediabetes. Variables with the highest altered prevalence included triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. Boys had higher rates of prediabetes, altered BP, and hyperuricemia than girls. Children with prediabetes had a greater risk of elevated waist circumference, blood pressure, and uric acid measures. Conclusions: the Mexican pediatric population had elevated rates of prediabetes. Furthermore, the group with prediabetes had a higher risk of presenting high values of triglycerides, blood pressure, uric acid, and total cholesterol.

Resumen Objetivo: la prediabetes es un estado que se observa antes de la diabetes de tipo 2. La actual epidemia de obesidad puede ser una causa del aumento de la incidencia de la prediabetes. En México existen políticas públicas para el manejo de las enfermedades no comunicables. Sin embargo, la obesidad continúa aumentando. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar un diagnóstico de prediabetes en la población pediátrica mexicana y contrastar la proporción de comorbilidades que presentaban los niños con y sin prediabetes. Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de 569 participantes de 4 a 19 años de edad procedentes de escuelas públicas. Se tomaron variables antropométricas (peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura) y clínicas (presión arterial), así como indicadores bioquímicos (glucosa, perfil lipídico y ácido úrico). Resultados: el 8,6 % de la población presentaba prediabetes. Las variables de mayor prevalencia de alteración fueron los triglicéridos, seguidos de la presión arterial sistólica. Los hombres tenían prevalencias más altas de prediabetes, presión arterial elevada e hiperuricemia. Los niños con prediabetes tenían mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de circunferencia de la cintura, presión arterial y ácido úrico. Conclusiones: la población pediátrica mexicana tiene una prevalencia elevada de prediabetes. Además, se encontró que el grupo con prediabetes tiene mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de triglicéridos, presión arterial, ácido úrico y colesterol total.

Abstract: Climate change is the greatest threat that humanity faces nowadays. Therefore, the present work had the purpose of determining the environmental knowledge and perceptions of good environmental education practices for affirmative climate actions in rural schools of Manabí-Ecuador, specifically in the school Manuel Daza Palacios. By applying the bibliographic and hypothetical deductive methods, the most appropriate affirmative climatic actions were determined. According to the results of the diagnosis, it was possible to show that, although environmental education is implicitly contained in the Plan Nacional Toda una Vida 2017-2021; in the students there is still a deficit in or referring to this matter; affirmative climate actions included limiting the amount of plastic waste and making compost to be applied in orchards, a practical guide was developed with the most relevant steps on how to carry out these processes. Finally, the results were shared through the Voces de la Naturaleza program broadcast by Radio Politécnica de Manabí 101.7 FM, as well as on social media. In a changing and uncertain environment, it is necessary to continue with the dissemination of mitigation measures against climate change according to the needs of each community.

Resumen: El cambio climático es la mayor amenaza que enfrenta la humanidad en la actualidad. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo tuvo como propósito determinar el conocimiento ambiental y las percepciones de buenas prácticas de educación ambiental para acciones climáticas afirmativas en unidades educativas rurales de Manabí-Ecuador, específicamente en la escuela Manuel Daza Palacios. Aplicando los métodos bibliográfico e hipotético deductivo se determinaron las acciones climáticas afirmativas más adecuadas. De acuerdo con los resultados del diagnóstico, se pudo evidenciar que, si bien la educación ambiental está implícitamente contenida en el Plan Nacional Toda una Vida 2017-2021; en los estudiantes aún existe un déficit o referente a esta materia; Las acciones climáticas afirmativas incluyeron limitar la cantidad de residuos plásticos y hacer compost para ser aplicado en huertos, se elaboró una guía práctica con los pasos más relevantes sobre cómo llevar a cabo estos procesos. Finalmente, los resultados se compartieron a través del programa Voces de la Naturaleza emitido por Radio Politécnica de Manabí 101.7 FM, así como en las redes sociales. En un entorno cambiante e incierto, es necesario continuar con la difusión de medidas de mitigación contra el cambio climático de acuerdo a las necesidades de cada comunidad.

Resumen La avifauna del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, ha sido uno de los grupos biológicos mejor estudiados en Colombia desde finales del siglo XIX. Producto de estos ejercicios de compilación de información, los estimados de la riqueza de especies varían entre 725 y 1025 especies. Recopilamos información de registros de aves de diferentes fuentes y obtuvimos un listado de 989 especies de aves confirmadas para el departamento y 13 especies que fueron catalogadas como potencialmente presentes. Documentamos ocho especies introducidas que no tienen registros publicados o son anecdóticos en Colombia. Futuras expediciones o investigaciones deberían enfocarse en llenar los vacíos de información de aves que se concentran en el cañón del río Garrapatas, y el área al sur de Buenaventura y la cordillera Central.

Abstract The avifauna of the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, has been one of the best studied biological groups in Colombia since the late 19th century. As a result of these information compilations, estimates of species richness range between 725 and 1025 species. We collected information on bird records from different sources and obtained a list of 989 confirmed bird species for the department and 13 species that were listed as potentially present. We found eight introduced species that have no published records or are anecdotal in Colombia. Future expeditions or investigations should focus on filling the information gaps on birds in the Garrapatas river canyon, the area south of Buenaventura and the Central mountain range.

Resumo Professor Titular de Estudos em Política Cultural e Educacional na Escola de Educação da Universidade Loyola em Chicago (EUA), Noah W. Sobe é especialista em história da educação, história comparada e educação internacional. Suas pesquisas examinam a circulação global de políticas e práticas educacionais com ênfase particular nas maneiras pelas quais as escolas funcionam como locais de resistência à imposição cultural a pessoas, povos, sociedades e mundos. Interessa-se também por metodologias de pesquisa em educação comparada, especificamente interrogando-se como as noções de contexto, nação, transnacional e globalização/global podem ser reconceitualizadas. Por fim, dedica-se ainda à história do afeto e da emoção na educação, com foco na história do tédio na escola. Sua formação e trânsito na arena educativa, bem como as escolhas teóricas e metodológicas são abordadas nesta entrevista, que se estende ainda sobre as relações tramadas com pesquisadores brasileiros associados à Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), à Faculdade de Educação e ao Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da USP, e explora suas atuais atribuições como Oficial Sênior de Projeto no programa de Pesquisa e Prospecção em Educação da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) junto à iniciativa Futures of Education: Learning to Become (“Futuros da Educação: Aprendendo a se Tornar”). A reflexão abrange também os efeitos da COVID-19 no cenário educativo internacional. Em seu conjunto, o diálogo entabulado oferece ao leitor um leque instigante e atual de problematizações, dentre as quais a inquietante afirmação feita por Noah Sobe de que o “futuro é um fato cultural”.

Abstract Full Professor of Cultural and Educational Policy Studies in the School of Education at Loyola University Chicago (USA), Noah W. Sobe specializes in the history of education, and in comparative and international education. His researches examine the global circulation of educational policies and practices with particular emphasis on the ways in which schools work as loci of resistance to the cultural impositions upon individuals, peoples, societies, and worlds. He is also interested in research methodologies in comparative education, investigating specifically how notions such as those of context, nation, transnational and global/globalization can be reconceptualized. Also, he dedicates himself to the history of affect and emotion in education, with focus on the history of boredom in school. His formation and access to the educational arena, as well as his theoretical and methodological choices are examined in this interview, which also discusses his academic connections to Brazilian researchers associated to Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), to the School of Education and Institute of Brazilian Studies of the University of São Paulo, and explores his current attributions as Senior Project Officer in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Education Research and Foresight program, part of the Futures of Education: Learning to Become initiative. The reflection also covers the effects of COVID-19 on the international educational scene. As a whole, this dialogue offers the readers a stimulating and contemporary arch of problematizations, among which the disturbing statement made by Noah Sobe that “future is a cultural fact”.

Resumo Este artigo discute as relações entre educação pública e disputas políticas na província do Maranhão. Partimos de um evento ocorrido em julho de 1838: a demissão de um professor substituto motivada, segundo relato da imprensa de oposição ao governo, por perseguição política. A denúncia tratou o caso como mais uma arbitrariedade do então presidente da província, fazendo da educação um “jogo de partidos”. Iniciando com a apresentação do artigo, publicado no jornal Chronica Maranhense, remetemos à gênese dos grupos políticos em disputa naquele momento. Em seguida, analisamos as trajetórias de dois personagens envolvidos no episódio: João Francisco Lisboa, o denunciante, e Estevão Rafael de Carvalho, o professor demitido, ambos sujeitos proeminentes na política provincial. No terceiro item, voltamos a atenção para o terceiro personagem, o presidente da província Vicente Thomaz Pires de Figueiredo Camargo, apontando as condições em que chegou ao Maranhão e suas ações no ramo da instrução pública. Na última parte, concentramo-nos no episódio da demissão a partir da réplica de Estevão Rafael de Carvalho. Introduzimos, ainda, um quarto personagem: Francisco Sotero dos Reis, político, jornalista e professor, acusado de ser mantido na substituição de uma cadeira por apoiar o governo. Consideramos que a instrução pública, assim como os impressos, servia de veículo para defesa de ideias e formação de opinião, e seu controle era objeto de disputa por parte de grupos políticos. Ao contrário de uma contenda pessoal, o caso analisado indiciava as lutas travadas pela orientação política da província do Maranhão.

Abstract This article focuses on the relations between public education and political disputes in the Province of Maranhão. We start from an event occurred in July 1838: a substitute teacher dismissal inspired, according to the oppositional press report, by political persecution. The report treated the case as a new arbitrary act of the President of Province, which transformed education into a “game of parties”. Initially, we present the complaint published in the newspaper Chronica Maranhense and refer to the genesis of the political groups in fight at that time. Then, we analyze the trajectories of two figures involved in the episode: João Francisco Lisboa, the complainant, and Estevão Rafael de Carvalho, the fired teacher, both of them prominent individuals in provincial politics. In the third item, we concentrate on the third figure, the President of Province Vicente Thomaz Pires de Figueiredo Camargo and indicate the conditions of his arrival at Maranhão and his actions concerning public instruction. Finally, we focus on the dismissal situation from Estevão Rafael de Carvalho’s reply; also, we introduce the forth figure, Francisco Sotero dos Reis, politician, journalist and teacher, accused of being kept as substitute teacher due to his support to the government. We consider that public instruction, as well as press, served as a vehicle for dissemination of ideas and production of opinion, whose control was disputed by political groups. Instead of a personal conflict, the case was an evidence of struggles for the political orientation of the Province of Maranhão.