ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors associated with the increase in domestic violence among teachers in the initial period of the pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional and analytical study, of the websurvey type, carried out with teachers of public basic education in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection took place from August to September 2020, via a digital form. The dependent variable was self-reported domestic violence. Poisson regression was used. Results: 539 teachers participated in the study in situations of domestic violence in the pandemic, of which 6.3% (n = 34) decreased a little and a lot, 58.3% (n = 314) remained the same and 35.4% (n = 191) increased a little and a lot. In the adjusted analysis, a higher prevalence of increased domestic violence was observed among teachers who reported difficulty with teaching work (PR = 1.38; 95%CI 1.01;1.89); with full adherence to social distancing (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.01;1.76); worsening of health status (PR = 1.70; 95%CI 1.23;2.36) and in teachers who felt sad or depressed many times or always (PR = 1.57; 95%CI 1.15;2.16). Conclusion: The increase in domestic violence of the pandemic in teachers was associated with work characteristics and mental health conditions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados ao aumento da violência doméstica entre professores no período inicial na pandemia. Métodos: Estudo transversal e analítico, do tipo websurvey , realizado com professores da educação básica pública de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de agosto a setembro de 2020, via formulário digital. A variável dependente foi o autorrelato da violência doméstica. Utilizou-se a Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 539 professores em situação de violência doméstica na pandemia, dos quais 6,3% (n = 34) diminuíram um pouco e muito, 58,3% (n = 314) permaneceram o mesmo e 35,4% (n = 191) aumentaram um pouco e muito. Na análise ajustada, observou-se maior prevalência do aumento da violência doméstica entre os professores que referiram dificuldade com o trabalho docente (RP = 1,38; IC95% 1,01;1,89); com adesão total ao distanciamento social (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,01;1,76); piora no estado de saúde (RP = 1,70; IC95% 1,23;2,36) e que se sentiram tristes ou deprimidos muitas vezes ou sempre (RP = 1,57; IC95% 1,15;2,16). Conclusão: O aumento da violência doméstica da pandemia em professores foi associado a características laborais e condições de saúde mental.

Abstract Fluoride (F) has been widely used to control dental caries, and studies suggest beneficial effects against diabetes when a low dose of F is added to the drinking water (10 mgF/L). Objectives This study evaluated metabolic changes in pancreatic islets of NOD mice exposed to low doses of F and the main pathways altered by the treatment. Methodology In total, 42 female NOD mice were randomly divided into two groups, considering the concentration of F administered in the drinking water for 14 weeks: 0 or 10 mgF/L. After the experimental period, the pancreas was collected for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, and the islets for proteomic analysis. Results In the morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, no significant differences were found in the percentage of cells labelled for insulin, glucagon, and acetylated histone H3, although the treated group had higher percentages than the control group. Moreover, no significant differences were found for the mean percentages of pancreatic areas occupied by islets and for the pancreatic inflammatory infiltrate between the control and treated groups. Proteomic analysis showed large increases in histones H3 and, to a lesser extent, in histone acetyltransferases, concomitant with a decrease in enzymes involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA, besides many changes in proteins involved in several metabolic pathways, especially energy metabolism. The conjunction analysis of these data showed an attempt by the organism to maintain protein synthesis in the islets, even with the dramatic changes in energy metabolism. Conclusion Our data suggests epigenetic alterations in the islets of NOD mice exposed to F levels comparable to those found in public supply water consumed by humans.

ABSTRACT Economic development based on cleaner industrial technologies has been increasingly studied in recent years. Cementitious composites reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers can be a sustainable alternative for use in engineering. The study aimed to evaluate the technological properties of cementitious composites produced from natural and industrial coconut fiber to compare the reinforcement with wood particles. Physical tests (density, water absorption, and thickness swelling) and mechanical tests (static bending) were carried out in four treatments, which varied the fiber and cement contents. It was found that treatment with natural coconut fiber had the lowest density value, 0.59 g/cm3, and treatment with industrial coconut fiber had the lowest water absorption value for the times and times of 2 and 24 h, 0.19, and 0.38%, respectively, and the treatment with wood particles, the highest values of modulus of elasticity and rupture, 1,897 MPa and 2.44 MPa. The study of the use of lignocellulosic materials as protection in cementitious composites is essential for applications in building constructions to reduce the environmental impacts generated by the generation of waste and use of non-renewable materials and to promote sustainable development.

RESUMO Para mitigar os impactos da urbanização no ciclo hidrológico, as técnicas de baixo impacto de desenvolvimento (LID), especialmente os microrreservatórios, são utilizadas em todo o mundo. Apesar de seu uso frequente, o conhecimento público sobre essas técnicas e gestão de águas pluviais é insuficiente, principalmente na América Latina. A compreensão do público sobre a gestão de águas pluviais e das técnicas de LID leva a mais aceitação e engajamento. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados de entrevistas sobre a percepção local dos moradores sobre a gestão de águas pluviais em Belo Horizonte/Brasil. Os resultados indicam que o sexo masculino e os entrevistados com mais de 40 anos possuem mais conhecimento sobre gestão de águas pluviais, assim como os entrevistados com nível socioeconômico mais elevado. Embora o uso de microrreservatório seja percebido positivamente, um maior conhecimento sobre águas pluviais urbanas não leva a uma maior disposição de coparticipar na gestão de águas pluviais. Os resultados fornecem uma visão geral da percepção dos habitantes sobre a gestão municipal de águas pluviais e têm grande potencial para ajudar os gestores da cidade.

ABSTRACT To mitigate urbanization impacts on the hydrological cycle, Low Impact Development techniques, especially On-site Stormwater Detention - OSD, are applied worldwide. Besides their frequent use, the public knowledge about these techniques and stormwater management is insufficient, particularly in Latin America. Public comprehension about stormwater management and LID techniques lead to more acceptance and engagement. In this sense, the aim of this article is to present the results of interviews about local’s perception on stormwater management in Belo Horizonte/Brazil. The results indicate that males and respondents older than 40 years old have more knowledge about stormwater management, as well as higher socioeconomic interviewees. Although the use of OSD is positively perceived, a greater knowledge on urban stormwater does not lead to a greater willingness to co-participate in the stormwater management. Our results provide an overview of city inhabitants’ perception of municipal stormwater management and have great potential to help managers.

Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules produced by plants, animals, and microorganisms, that present emulsifying properties and may act reducing surface and interfacial tensions. When compared to synthetic surfactants, these biological analogues have high biodegradability potential, and may be produced from renewable raw materials within overall biotechnological processes involving low generation of residues. The production and application of microbial surfactants have been recently considered in several industrial sectors, as these low toxicity versatile compounds find applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and petrochemical products, in nanotechnology and agriculture, and in the bioremediation of xenobiotic-contaminated areas. Herein, the main conceptual aspects and physicochemical properties, as well as the classifications of biosurfactants according to their origin and their chemical structures, are addressed. The production of microbial biosurfactants through sustainable processes are also described, with particular focus on new applications and on the increasing relevance of such bioproducts for the sustainable development of modern society.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a quantidade e a variedade de frutas e hortaliças adquiridas nos domicílios brasileiros em 2008-09 e 2017-18 e segundo regiões e classes de rendimento em 2017-18. Foram utilizados dados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares referentes a disponibilidade domiciliar de frutas e hortaliças. A quantidade anual per capita adquirida de cada item alimentar foi transformada em valores diários. Foram descritas as médias da quantidade absoluta (grama/per capita/dia) e relativa de cada tipo de fruta e hortaliça para o Brasil (nos dois períodos) e segundo regiões e renda (em 2017-18). Verificou-se baixa aquisição de frutas e hortaliças para o Brasil (54,4 g e 42,7 g em 2008-09; 49,7 g e 37,4 g em 2017-18, respectivamente), e em todas as regiões e classes de renda analisadas. O Sul apresentou a maior aquisição e o Norte a menor; a quantidade adquirida aumentou com o aumento da renda. Seis tipos de frutas (banana prata, maçã, banana d’água, laranja pera, melancia e mamão) e três de hortaliças (tomate, cebola e cenoura) representaram mais de 50% da aquisição total no Brasil, sendo semelhante em todos os estratos analisados. A aquisição de frutas e hortaliças no Brasil foi baixa e apresentou pouca variação. Esse cenário se reproduziu em todas as regiões e faixas de renda.

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish the quantity and variety of fruit and vegetables (FV) available in Brazilian households in 2008-09 and 2017-18, and according to regions and income classes in 2017-18. Data from the Household Budget Surveys were used regarding household availability of fruit and vegetables. The annual per capita amount of each food item purchased was transformed into daily amounts. The absolute (gram/per capita/day) and the relative average quantities of each type of FV in Brazil (in both periods), and according to region and income (in 2017-18), were analyzed. An insufficient quantity of fruit and vegetables purchased in Brazil (54.4 g and 42.7 g in 2008-09; 49.7 g and 37.4 g in 2017-18, respectively) in all regions and income classes was verified. The South represented the highest amount purchased, while the North revealed the lowest; the quantity of FV increased as income increased. Six varieties of fruit (banana, apple, plantain, orange, watermelon, and papaya) and three types of vegetables (tomato, onion, and carrot) represented more than 50% of the total acquisition in Brazil, which was similar for all strata analyzed. The acquisition of fruit and vegetables in Brazil was low and featured little variation. This scenario was the same for all regions and income brackets.

RESUMO: O leite bubalino é rico em nutrientes e pode servir de substrato para a proliferação de micro-organismos. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a cinética de crescimento de Salmonella Typhimurium e Listeria monocytogenes em leite bubalino, em diferentes condições de processamento e armazenamento. Para isso, utilizaram-se amostras de leite cru e pasteurizado, que foram inoculadas com 1 UFC/25 mL de cada bactéria separadamente e em conjunto. Após a contaminação, as amostras foram armazenadas nas temperaturas de 8 ºC e 37 ºC e realizadas contagens bacterianas em 24, 48 e 168h. Além disso, foi acompanhado o crescimento da microbiota acompanhante, o pH e o efeito dessas variáveis sobre a cinética de crescimento dos micro-organismos. Os patógenos testados conseguiram se proliferar na maioria das condições testadas, atingindo altos títulos durante todo o período experimental. Na temperatura de 37 ºC, houve uma diminuição do pH e um aumento da microbiota acompanhante, o que interferiu na curva de crescimento microbiana. Observou-se também que o leite pasteurizado e submetido a 8 ºC possibilitou melhores condições para a multiplicação das bactérias. Sendo assim, concluiu-se que cuidados durante toda a cadeia de produção, armazenamento e comercialização do leite devem ser adotados para garantir a segurança microbiológica desse alimento.

ABSTRACT: Buffalo milk is rich in nutrients and can serve as a substrate for the proliferation of microorganisms. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth kinetics of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in buffalo milk under different processing and storage conditions. Samples of raw and pasteurized milk were inoculated with 1 CFU of each bacterium, separately and together, per 25 mL. After contamination, samples were stored at 8 °C or 37 °C, and bacterial counts were performed at 24, 48, and 168 h. In addition, the accompanying microbiota growth, pH, and the effect of these variables on the growth kinetics of microorganisms were monitored. The pathogens tested were able to proliferate under most conditions tested, reaching high titers throughout the experimental period. At 37 °C, there was a decrease in pH and an increase in the accompanying microbiota that interfered with the microbial growth curve. It was also observed that pasteurized milk subjected to 8 °C provided better conditions for the multiplication of bacteria. Therefore, it was concluded that care throughout the production chain, storage, and commercialization of milk must be adopted to guarantee the microbiological safety of this food.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a quantidade e a variedade de frutas e hortaliças adquiridas nos domicílios brasileiros em 2008-09 e 2017-18 e segundo regiões e classes de rendimento em 2017-18. Foram utilizados dados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares referentes a disponibilidade domiciliar de frutas e hortaliças. A quantidade anual per capita adquirida de cada item alimentar foi transformada em valores diários. Foram descritas as médias da quantidade absoluta (grama/per capita/dia) e relativa de cada tipo de fruta e hortaliça para o Brasil (nos dois períodos) e segundo regiões e renda (em 2017-18). Verificou-se baixa aquisição de frutas e hortaliças para o Brasil (54,4 g e 42,7 g em 2008-09; 49,7 g e 37,4 g em 2017-18, respectivamente), e em todas as regiões e classes de renda analisadas. O Sul apresentou a maior aquisição e o Norte a menor; a quantidade adquirida aumentou com o aumento da renda. Seis tipos de frutas (banana prata, maçã, banana d’água, laranja pera, melancia e mamão) e três de hortaliças (tomate, cebola e cenoura) representaram mais de 50% da aquisição total no Brasil, sendo semelhante em todos os estratos analisados. A aquisição de frutas e hortaliças no Brasil foi baixa e apresentou pouca variação. Esse cenário se reproduziu em todas as regiões e faixas de renda.

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish the quantity and variety of fruit and vegetables (FV) available in Brazilian households in 2008-09 and 2017-18, and according to regions and income classes in 2017-18. Data from the Household Budget Surveys were used regarding household availability of fruit and vegetables. The annual per capita amount of each food item purchased was transformed into daily amounts. The absolute (gram/per capita/day) and the relative average quantities of each type of FV in Brazil (in both periods), and according to region and income (in 2017-18), were analyzed. An insufficient quantity of fruit and vegetables purchased in Brazil (54.4 g and 42.7 g in 2008-09; 49.7 g and 37.4 g in 2017-18, respectively) in all regions and income classes was verified. The South represented the highest amount purchased, while the North revealed the lowest; the quantity of FV increased as income increased. Six varieties of fruit (banana, apple, plantain, orange, watermelon, and papaya) and three types of vegetables (tomato, onion, and carrot) represented more than 50% of the total acquisition in Brazil, which was similar for all strata analyzed. The acquisition of fruit and vegetables in Brazil was low and featured little variation. This scenario was the same for all regions and income brackets.

RESUMO Lagos e reservatórios urbanos fornecem importantes serviços ecossistêmicos. Porém, a qualidade da água está sendo afetada por diversas pressões antrópicas. O regime térmico é de particular importância no transporte vertical de nutrientes, fitoplâncton e oxigênio. A estratificação térmica dos reservatórios pode modificar processos biogeoquímicos. Nesse artigo, um modelo hidrodinâmico tridimensional foi implementado e validado com medição de temperatura da água em alta frequência. Os resultados das simulações ficaram de acordo com os dados medidos. Para todos os períodos simulados, o desempenho do modelo foi avaliado com base em valores horários, apresentando raiz quadrada do erro quadrático médio de 0,65 ºC e erro relativo de 2,08%. Os resultados mostram que as medições de alta frequência associada ao modelo tridimensional ajudaram a compreender e identificar as causas das alterações na condição térmica de um lago urbano raso. O impacto de uma vazão afluente na temperatura do reservatório foi evidenciado, mostrando que durante eventos de grandes vazões, quando a temperatura do rio é mais fria que a temperatura do lago, ocorre o escoamento desta vazão pelas camadas mais profundas. A vazão afluente mergulha para camadas mais profundas onde a morfologia do lago se altera. O modelo mostrou um impacto por todo o lago, mostrando assim a importância de monitorar a temperatura da água afluente. Essa ferramenta numérica poderá ser futuramente utilizada para estudos sobre padrões específicos hidrodinâmicos do reservatório.

ABSTRACT Urban lakes and reservoirs provide important ecosystem services. However, their water quality is being affected by anthropogenic pressures. The thermal regime is a strong driver of the vertical transport of nutrients, phytoplankton and oxygen. Thermal stratification can modify biogeochemical processes. In this paper, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was implemented and validated with high-frequency measurement of water temperature. The simulation results were in agreement with the measurements. For all simulation period, the model performance was evaluated based on hourly values, presenting a maximum RMSE of 0.65 ºC and Relative Error of 2.08%. The results show that high-frequency measurement associated with a three-dimensional model could help to understand and identify the reasons for the changes in the thermal condition of a shallow urban lake. The impact of the stream inflow on the temperature was highlighted, showing that during higher discharge events, when the river temperature is colder than the lake water, it flows into the lake deeper layers. The inflow water sank to the deeper layers where the lake morphology changes. The model showed an impact along the entire lake, showing the importance of monitoring the inflow water temperature. This modelling tool could be further used to study specific patterns of reservoir hydrodynamics.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar dietas com substituição do grão de milho pela casca de maracujá sobre o consumo, comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade das dietas e desempenho de ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos, confinados em baias individuais, alimentados duas vezes ao dia, com dietas que receberam a inclusão da casca de maracujá nas proporções de 0; 25; 50; 75 e 100% em substituição ao grão de milho. O grão de milho representou 70% da matéria seca da dieta e a casca de maracujá foi fornecida na forma desidratada. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e análise de regressão, ao nível de 5%. Observou-se um aumento linear do consumo de matéria seca, com acréscimo de 3,89 g para cada nível de inclusão de casca de maracujá. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca reduziu e a fibra detergente neutro aumentou linearmente com a substituição ao grão de milho pela casca de maracujá. O tempo de alimentação, ruminação, ócio e ingestão de água, com médias de 3,74; 2,92; 16,92 e 0,42 horas, não foram influenciados pelas dietas (P>0,05). O ganho de peso médio diário foi semelhante para os animais nas diferentes dietas e por consequência o peso final, apresentando valores médios de 0,226 kg dia-1 e 32,1 kg, respectivamente. A inclusão de casca de maracujá na dieta de ovinos é uma alternativa interessante, pois mesmo com a redução da digestibilidade da matéria seca, aumentou o consumo e promoveu semelhante ganho de peso.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate diets substituting corn grain with passion fruit peels on the consumption, ingestive behavior, digestibility of diets and sheep performance. A total of 20 sheep were used, confined in individual pens, fed twice a day, with diets which included passion fruit peels in the proportions of 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% replacing corn grain. The corn grain represented 70% of the dry matter of the diet and the passion fruit peels were supplied in dehydrated form. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at the significance level of 5%. There was a linear increase in dry matter consumption with an increase of 3.89 g for each inclusion level of passion fruit peel. The apparent digestibility of dry matter decreased and neutral detergent fiber increased linearly with the substitution of corn grain with passion fruit peels. The feeding, rumination, leisure and water intake times presented averages of 3.74; 2.92; 16.92 and 0.42 hours, and were not influenced by the diets (P>0.05). The average daily weight gain was similar for the animals in the different diets and consequently the final weight presented average values of 0.226 kg day-1 and 32.1 kg, respectively. The inclusion of passion fruit peels in the sheep diet is an interesting alternative because even with the reduced dry matter digestibility, it increased the consumption and promoted similar weight gains.

ABSTRACT The effects of foliar application of Mo and use of N from cover crops (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC) on the performance of common beans were investigated in this study. Field experiments were carried out in a succession planting system (cover crops - common beans), and nitrate reductase activities were evaluated in the laboratory. The production of cover crops was done in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme installed in random blocks with four replications. The two cover crops sunn hemp and jack bean composed the first factor and the molibdenum doses (0, 40, 80, and 120 g ha-1) the second. These doses were applied as foliar fertilization using sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) as Mo source. For bean cultivation, an unfertilized control treatment was evaluated.. Sunn hemp showed a linear positive response to Mo application in terms of shoot dry matter and N accumulation, while jack bean showed a quadratic negative response for shoot dry matter; for N accumulation, there was no adjustment of the regression models. Nitrate reductase activity in the common beans was up to three times higher at the Mo dose of 0 g ha-1 when compared to the treatments with Mo application to both cover crops. Cover crops or Mo doses had no significant effect on bean productivity.

Resumo: Introdução: O curso de graduação em Medicina expõe os alunos a uma quantidade significativa de estresse, o que pode gerar consequências negativas para o aprendizado, a motivação e o contato com os pacientes. Algumas técnicas e práticas têm sido indicadas para auxiliar no manejo e na redução do estresse, como é o caso da meditação que já é utilizada em escolas médicas. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de um programa de redução do estresse e desenvolvimento da empatia em medicina (Redemed©) sobre a percepção de estresse de seus participantes e possíveis grupos de acolhimento. Método: Este é um ensaio quase experimental cuja amostra foi composta por 40 estudantes que compuseram o grupo controle e 47 alunos de um grupo de intervenção que participaram de oito encontros semanais de duas horas divididas em: 30 minutos de teoria sobre como o estresse influencia o estado de saúde, 60 minutos de vivências interpessoais e 30 minutos de ioga e meditação. Ambos os grupos, antes e depois do curso, responderam ao questionário sobre estresse percebido (PSS - Escala de Cohen). Resultados: Após os oito encontros semanais, o grupo intervenção apresentou melhora significativa (p = 0,030), demonstrando que a participação no curso Redemed© mostrou-se eficaz no controle do estresse entre os estudantes do presente estudo. Os alunos também foram questionados quanto à autopercepção sobre se sentirem ou não apoiados por outros grupos. Os três grupos de acolhimentos mais citados entre os alunos, tanto do grupo ativo como do controle, foram: amigos/família, centro acadêmico e a equipe do esporte que praticavam. Após as oito semanas, enquanto o grupo controle permaneceu com as mesmas indicações, no grupo intervenção foram citados: amigos/família, Redemed© e centro acadêmico. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que o programa Redemed©, com encontros durante oito semanas utilizando a meditação como sua técnica central, foi eficaz na redução do estresse percebido pelos estudantes de Medicina que participaram dessa intervenção quando comparado ao grupo controle (p = 0,000). As práticas integrativas e complementares podem ser uma ferramenta importante dentro das escolas médicas, de modo a levar os estudantes a lidar melhor com o estresse a que estão expostos ao longo do curso.

Abstract: Introduction: Undergraduate medical students experience a considerable amount of stress, which can negatively affect their learning, motivation and contact with patients. Some techniques and practices for stress management and reduction, such as meditation, have been recommended and used in medical schools. This study evaluated the effects of a Stress Reduction and Empathy Development Program in Medicine (REDEMED©) on participants’ perception of stress and possible support groups. Method: This is a quasi-experimental trial whose sample comprised 40 students in a control group and 47 students in an intervention group. The students in the intervention group participated in eight weekly sessions lasting two hours each. The course hours were divided into: 30 minutes of theoretical content on how stress influences one’s health, 60 minutes of interpersonal practices and 30 minutes of yoga and meditation practices. Both groups, before and after the program, answered the questionnaire on perceived stress (PSS - Cohen’s scale). Results: After the eight weekly meetings, the intervention group showed significant improvement (p = 0.030), showing that participation in the REDEMED© course proved to be effective in stress control among the students in the study. The students were also questioned about their self-perception of whether or not they felt they were supported by any other groups. The three support groups most often referred to by the students, in both the intervention and the control group, were: friends/family, the Students’ Union and their sports team. After eight weeks, while the control group still referred to the same groups, the intervention group mentioned friends/family, REDEMED© and the Students’ Union. Conclusion: This study showed that the REDEMED© program, meeting for eight weeks using meditation as its central technique, was effective in reducing the stress perceived by medical students who participated in this intervention when compared to the control group (p = 0,000). Integrative and complementary practices can be an important tool within medical schools, empowering students to better cope with the stress they are exposed to throughout the course.

RESUMO The rising number of students leagues in the Escola Paulista de Medicina of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM–Unifesp) leads to questions about their meaning to students and their role in medical training, as well as concerns about learning distortions, early specialization, social relevance, and insertion in the Brazilian national health system, called the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). In order to try and clarify these questions, this qualitative study analyzes the statues of the leagues, and the statements of tutors and students, gathered by means of four focal groups with students and two interviews with the tutors. We found 45 leagues currently running at the EPM–Unifesp, most of them associated with a medical specialty. The main motivators for joining in a league were: the search for practical activities, the desire to gain more experience of a particular specialty, the desire for more knowledge, and the need to be recognized as a responsible adult. Of the leagues studied, few conducted research or university extension activities, focusing on treatment and theoretical classes, supervised by professors, non-teacher physicians, resident doctors, or more senior students. The tutors are in charge of the organizational aspects. The leagues can reproduce graduation models, such as an overburdoning with activities and poor expository classes. Concerning insertion in the SUS, the leagues could be a means of training future SUS professionals. Although students claim that they intend to specialize in the league’s field, the tutors disagree that they lead to early specialization. We consider that while leagues fill gaps in the learning and expectations of the course, they are limited in regards to the impact of their activities on medical training and their social relevance. They can subvert the curricular structure and favor early specialization. We recommend that universities pay closer attention to students leagues, observing their number, selection process, activities, tutors involved and explicit objectives, with the purpose of evaluating their roles in the curriculum and medical training.

ABSTRACT Although nutrition is one of the most significant aspects of good health and well-being, preventing many diseases and reducing premature death and disability, most medical curricula still do not cover this topic in depth, devoting only a few hours to it. This leaves an important gap in the training of medical professionals, in a context of an increase in chronic diseases, where healthy eating is essential, not only for prevention but also to guarantee treatment success. The present study interviewed medical students from the first to the sixth years of graduation, in order to understand what they consider to be a healthy diet and whether they consider themselves capable of guiding their future patients in the adoption and practice healthy eating habits. This is a qualitative study in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 undergraduate medical students of a public university in the state of São Paulo. The data were analyzed using the technique of Content Analysis, with a thematic representational approach. Two major themes emerged, showing possible gaps in the students’ knowledge about nutrition and the difficulty they have in helping their patients switch to healthier eating habits, given that they themselves have difficulty doing the same. There is a need for medical schools to promote students’ health, both physical and mental, in response to the high demands of the courses. This may include health promotion activities aimed at the students themselves, encouraging them to adopt healthier lifestyles, especially healthier eating habits, so that they can share their own experiences with future patients. This may benefit their professional practice, giving them greater confidence when giving nutrition guidance to their patients, as they will have already experienced and applied the principles in their own lives. Patient-centered care can be a way to address this system and help patients effectively switch to healthier habits, thereby reducing suffering and improving quality of life. Empowerment through activities that receive and support the student and the patient is an essential tool for behavioral change.

RESUMO Os eventos de inundação são uma das principais causas de prejuízos econômicos e de perdas de vidas humanas em todo o mundo. Infelizmente, a sua ocorrência tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente e de maior magnitude. Para minimizar os riscos aos quais a população está exposta, torna-se necessário investir em ferramentas que auxiliem no processo de tomada de decisão relativo à gestão da drenagem urbana. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia para construção de gráfico de risco de inundação em bacias urbanas. Para tanto, foi aplicado o modelo Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) na bacia do Córrego Cachoeirinha (Belo Horizonte, Brasil), calibrado e validado com dados de precipitação e níveis d’água registrados em estações de monitoramento. Nas etapas de calibração e validação obteve-se, respectivamente, Coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe igual a 0,72 e 0,70. Dessa forma, pode-se considerar o desempenho do modelo satisfatório, ainda que o mesmo não tenha representado bem os eventos chuvosos mais intensos que geraram alertas de emergência e extravasamento do canal. Os resultados da modelagem possibilitaram a construção do gráfico de risco, que definiu faixas de risco ou níveis de alerta de risco em função do volume de chuva acumulada e da duração da mesma. O gráfico construído foi avaliado a partir de eventos reais de precipitação e demonstrou-se válido, uma vez que os eventos, em sua maioria, se ajustaram aos níveis de risco definidos. O gráfico de risco de inundações é uma valiosa ferramenta para a gestão do risco de inundações uma vez que pode reduzir a exposição da população a tais eventos.

ABSTRACT Flood events are one of the major causes of economic loss and the loss of life worldwide. Unfortunately, their occurrence has become increasingly more frequent and of greater magnitude. In order to minimize the population’s exposure to danger, it is necessary to invest in tools that aid in the decision-making process related to urban drainage management. The present work proposes a methodology for the construction of a Flood Hazard Chart for urban watersheds. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was applied to the Cachoeirinha Watershed (Belo Horizonte, Brazil). The model was calibrated and validated using precipitation data and water levels recorded in monitoring stations located in the study area. The Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficients for the calibration and validation were 0.72 and 0.70, respectively. The performance of the model was satisfactory, although the model was not able to represent the more intense rain events that led to emergency and overflow warnings. Modeling results allowed the construction of the hazard chart, which defined hazard ranges or warning levels of hazard as a function of accumulated rainfall and duration. The constructed graph was assessed from real precipitation events and proved to be valid, since most events corresponded with the defined warning levels in the chart. The Flood Hazard Chart proposed in this research is a valuable tool for flood risk management as it has the potential to reduce exposure to flood disasters.

OBJECTIVE: When children participate in research protocols, consent (by a parent or legal guardian) and assent (by the children) must be given. Understanding research protocols can be challenging for an adult and even more difficult for a child. The aim of this study was to describe the development of a comic book created to facilitate children’s understanding of informed assent with clear and simple language. METHODS: Five researchers with scores above seven according to the Fehring criteria developed the comic book, avoiding the use of technical terminology. Twenty children between 7 and 12 years old, and enrolled in a larger study, responded using a Likert scale and questions about the clarity of texts and illustrations. The final version met National Health System Resolutions (Resoluções do Conselho Nacional da Saúde - CNS n° 196/1996 and 466/2012). RESULTS: The comic book assent presents a short story containing information about a real study: the invitation to participate, objectives, methods, instruments, procedures, risks, benefits, and the researchers’ contact information. Most of the participants answered that they perceived the content of the text to be “Excellent” (40%) and “Very good” (40%), and the illustrations were perceived as “Excellent” (45%) and “Very good” (55%). CONCLUSION: The construction of a simple and clear model of informed assent is possible, and this model should be used in experiments with children.