ABSTRACT: The study aims to analyze the funding of YAE (Youth and Adult Education), problematizing the limits of Fundeb funding matrix. It sought to answer the following question: why is the Fundeb value per YAE student lower than the minimum established nationwide in a state receiving Federal bonus funds? We conducted a quanti-qualitative documental research, based on studies about education funding and YAE public policies. The research revealed that values lower than the nationally-defined minimum occurred only in the state of Piauí, Brazil, due to the rule that defines that YAE cannot use more than 15% of the total fund. The problem occurred in the last years of Fundeb, from 2017 to 2020, hindering education systems that significantly invested in the increase of YAE enrollments, disregarding local realities, and denying the constitutional principles that guarantee the human right to education.

RESUMEN: El estudio objetiva analizar el financiamiento de la EJA, problematizando los límites de la matriz de financiamiento de Fundeb. Buscó responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Qué justifica la existencia de valores por alumno de Fundeb para la EJA menores que el mínimo definido nacionalmente en Estado que recibe la complementación de la Unión? La investigación fue de naturaleza cuanti-cualitativa y de tipo documental. Tuvo como referencias estudios sobre financiamiento de la educación y de políticas públicas para EJA. La investigación reveló que los valores de EJA, inferiores al mínimo definido nacionalmente, ocurrió solamente en el estado de Piauí, debido a la traba que impone que la modalidad no puede apropiarse de más de 15% del total del Fondo. El problema ocurrió en los últimos años de Fundeb, 2017 a 2020, penalizando redes que invirtieron, significativamente, en el aumento de las matrículas de EJA, desconsiderando las realidades locales y negando los principios constitucionales que aseguran el derecho humano a la educación.

RESUMO: O estudo objetiva analisar o financiamento da EJA, problematizando os limites da matriz de financiamento do Fundeb. Buscou responder ao seguinte questionamento: o que justifica a existência de valores por aluno do Fundeb para a EJA menores do que o mínimo definido nacionalmente em Estado que recebe a complementação da União? A investigação foi de natureza quanti-qualitativa e de cunho documental. Teve como referências estudos sobre financiamento da educação e de políticas públicas para EJA. A pesquisa revelou que os valores de EJA, inferiores ao mínimo definido nacionalmente, ocorreu somente no estado do Piauí, devido a trava que impõe que a modalidade não pode se apropriar de mais de 15% do total do Fundo. O problema ocorreu nos últimos anos do Fundeb, 2017 a 2020, penalizando redes que investiram, significativamente, no aumento das matrículas de EJA, desconsiderando as realidades locais e negando os princípios constitucionais que asseguram o direito humano à educação.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar e sintetizar as evidências oriundas de ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram os efeitos da musicoterapia sobre os sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão em adultos com transtornos mentais. Métodos Revisão sistemática guiada pelo protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. A busca dos artigos nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL Cohcrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO e LILACS, bem como a busca manual, seleção dos estudos, extração dos dados e avaliação metodológica pela Escala de Jadad e pela ferramenta do Risco de Viés da Cochrane foram realizadas por dois revisores de forma independente. Resultados Foram identificados 1649 estudos, sendo oito selecionados e analisados. Os achados mostraram um efeito positivo da musicoterapia nos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão na população adulta em diferentes contextos. De acordo com a Risco de Viés da Cochrane, quatro estudos foram classificados como baixo risco de viés, e os outros quatro como alto risco de viés. Os adultos que receberam musicoterapia apresentaram relaxamento físico e mental, redução dos sintomas ansiosos e depressivos, promovendo o bem-estar de forma consciente e saudável. Conclusão A musicoterapia se apresenta como uma potencial estratégia para reduzir a ansiedade e a depressão bem como para auxiliar na manutenção e recuperação da saúde das pessoas adultas com transtornos mentais.

Abstract Objective To identify and synthesize evidence from randomized clinical trials that assessed the effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression symptoms in adults with mental disorders. Methods This is a systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis protocol. The search for articles in the MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL Cohcrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO and LILACS databases, as well as manual search, selection of studies, data extraction and methodological assessment using the Jadad Scale and the Cochrane risk-of-bias, was performed by two reviewers independently. Results 1,649 studies were identified, eight of which were selected and analyzed. The findings showed a positive effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression symptoms in the adult population in different contexts. According to the Cochrane risk-of-bias, four studies were classified as low risk of bias, and the other four as high risk of bias. Adults who received music therapy showed physical and mental relaxation, reduced anxiety and depressive symptoms, promoting well-being in a conscious and healthy way. Conclusion Music therapy presents itself as a potential strategy to reduce anxiety and depression as well as to help maintain and recover the health of adults with mental disorders.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar y sintetizar las evidencias oriundas de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que evaluaron los efectos de la musicoterapia sobre los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en adultos con trastornos mentales. Métodos Revisión sistemática orientada por el protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. La búsqueda de los artículos en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL Cohcrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO y LILACS fue realizada por dos revisores de forma independiente, así como también la búsqueda manual, selección de los estudios, extracción de datos y evaluación metodológica a través de la Escala de Jadad y la herramienta de riesgo de sesgo de Cochrane. Resultados Se identificaron 1649 estudios, de los cuales ocho fueron seleccionados y analizados. Los resultados mostraron un efecto positivo de la musicoterapia en los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en la población adulta en diferentes contextos. De acuerdo con el riesgo de sesgo de Cochrane, cuatro estudios fueron clasificados con bajo riesgo de sesgo y otros cuatro con alto riesgo de sesgo. Los adultos que recibieron musicoterapia presentaron relajamiento físico y mental, reducción de los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos, lo que promueve el bienestar de forma consciente y saludable. Conclusión La musicoterapia se presenta como una estrategia potencial para reducir la ansiedad y la depresión, así como para ayudar a mantener y recuperar la salud de las personas adultas con trastornos mentales.

The study aims to analyze the financing of EJA (Youth and Adult Education), problematizing the limits of the funding matrix of Fundeb. It sought to answer the following question: what justifies the existence of values per Fundeb student for EJA lower than the minimum defined nationally in the stateS/cities that receives the Union's complementation? The investigation was of a quanti-qualitative nature and of documentary nature. It was based on studies on financing education and public policies for EJA. The research revealed that the values of EJA, lower than the nationally defined minimum, occurred only in the state of Piauí, due to the lock that imposes that the modality cannot take over more than 15% of the total of the Fund. The problem occurred in the last years of Fundeb, 2017 to 2020, penalizing networks that invested significantly in the increase of EJA enrollments, disregarding local realities and denying the constitutional principles that ensure the human right to education.

El estudio objetiva analizar el financiamiento de la EJA, problematizando los límites de la matriz de financemiento del Fundeb. Buscó responder a la siguiente pregunta: O que justifica a existência de valores por alumno del Fundeb para a EJA menores que o mínimo nacionalmente ¿En que estado recibe la complementación de la Unión? La investigación fue de naturaleza cuanti-cualitativa y de tipo documental. Tuve como referencias estudios sobre financiamiento de la educación y de políticas públicas para EJA. A investigação revelou que os valores de EJA, inferiores ao mínimo nacionalmente, ocorreram solamente no estado do Piauí, debido a la trabaque impone que a modalidad no puede apropiarse de mais de 15% do total del Fondo.El problema ocurrió em los últimos años del Fundeb, 2017 a 2020, penalizando redes que invirtieron, significativamente, em el aumento de las matrículas de EJA, desconsiderando las realidades locales y negando los princípios constitucionales que aseguran el derecho humano a la educación.

O estudo objetiva analisar o financiamento da EJA, problematizando os limites da matriz de financiamento do Fundeb. Buscou responder ao seguinte questionamento: o que justifica a existência de valores por aluno do Fundeb para a EJA menores do que o mínimo nacionalmente em Estado que recebe a complementação da União? A investigação foi de natureza quanti-qualitativa e de cunho documental. Teve como referências sobre financiamento da educação e de políticas públicas para EJA. A pesquisa revelou que os valores de EJA, inferiores ao mínimo definido nacionalmente, ocorreu somente no estado do Piauí, devido a trava que impõe que uma modalidade não pode se apropriar de mais de 15% do total do Fundo.O problema ocorrido nos últimos anos do Fundeb, 2017 a 2020, penalizando redes que investiram, completar,

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da natação na regeneração nervosa após a lesão do nervo ciático em ratos Wistar. Métodos Um total de 30 ratos Wistar foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo Sham + Nat: animais que não foram submetidos à cirurgia de enxerto e foram submetidos à natação (n = 10); grupo Enxerto: animais que foram submetidos à cirurgia de enxerto autólogo de nervo ciático (n = 10); e grupo Enx + Nat: animais submetidos à cirurgia de enxerto autólogo de nervo ciático e à natação (n = 10). Os resultados foram analisados pelo software GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, EUA). Resultados Na primeira avaliação, todos os valores do índice funcional do ciático (IFC) foram semelhantes (p = 0.609). Após 30 dias do procedimento cirúrgico, foram observadas diferenças entre todas as comparações: Sham + Nat (−34,64 ± 13,89) versus Enxerto (−145,9 ± 26,06), grupos Sham + Nat versus Enx + Nat (−89,40 ± 7,501), grupos Enxerto (−145,9 ± 26,06) versus Enx + Nat (−89,40 ± 7,501). Nas medidas (60 e 90 dias), não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos Enxerto e Enx + Nat, com valores significativamente menores em relação ao grupo controle (p < 0,001). O número de motoneurônios apresentou diferenças nas comparações entre os grupos Sham + Nat e Enxerto (647,1 ± 16,42 versus 563,4 ± 8,07; p < 0,05) e Sham + Nat e Enx + Nat (647,1 ± 16,42 versus 558,8 ± 14,79; p < 0,05), não havendo diferença entre os grupos Enxerto e Enx + Nat. Conclusão Os animais submetidos ao protocolo de natação após o procedimento de enxerto do nervo ciático não apresentaram diferenças nos valores de IFC e nos números de motoneurônios quando comparados com grupo controle. Portanto, este tipo de protocolo não é eficiente para reabilitação de lesões nervosas periféricas que necessitam de enxerto, sendo necessários novos estudos.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of swimming on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in Wistar rats. Methods A total of 30 Wistar rats was divided into 3 groups: Sham + Nat group animals that were not submitted to graft surgery and were submitted to swimming (n = 10); Graft group: animals submitted to autologous sciatic nerve graft (n = 10); and Graft + Nat group: animals submitted to autologous sciatic nerve graft surgery and to swimming (n = 10). The results were analyzed on the software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Results In the first evaluation, all sciatic functional index (SFI) values were similar (p = 0.609). Thirty days after the surgical procedure, we observed differences between all the comparisons: Sham + Nat (−34.64 ± 13.89) versus Graft (−145.9 ± 26.06); Sham + Nat versus Graft + Nat (−89.40 ± 7.501); Graft (−145.9 ± 26.06) versus Graft + Nat (−89.40 ± 7.501). In the measurements (60 and 90 days), there was no statistical difference between the Graft and Graft + Nat groups, with significantly lower values in relation to the control group (p < 0.001). The number of motor neurons presented differences in the comparisons between the Sham + Nat and Graft groups (647.1 ± 16.42 versus 563.4 ± 8.07; p < 0.05), and between the Sham + Nat and Graft + Nat groups (647.1 ± 16.42 versus 558.8 ± 14.79; p < 0.05). There was no difference between the Graft and Graft + Nat groups. Conclusion Animals submitted to the swimming protocol after the sciatic nerve grafting procedure did not present differences in the SFI values and motor neuron numbers when compared to the control group. Therefore, this type of protocol is not efficient for the rehabilitation of peripheral nerve lesions that require grafting. Therefore, further studies are needed.

Abstract Virtually all metals used industrially undergo a solidification process during their production. Depending on the material and its manufacturing process, its physical/mechanical properties are affected to a greater or lesser extent by the microstructure and microsegregation obtained during the phase change. Aluminum casting alloys are good examples of products where this microstructure is vital for obtaining the desired properties. A sequence of experiments to analyze the upward vertical unidirectional solidification with transient heat transfer conditions in Al-Si-Cu ternary alloys was developed in the present work. The experimental results obtained were compared with classical microsegregation models. Discrepancies related to their use for ternary alloys were raised. Since the calculated results by these models do not take into account the influence of one alloying element on the solubility of the other element, disparities were founded between experimental and numerical results. A microsegregation model was proposed based on the solubility limits of the Si in the alloy as a function of the Cu concentration present in the liquid. The model, combined with the concepts of classical microsegregation theory, allows a realistic description of the microsegregation phenomenon. The model showed an excellent agreement between microsegregation profiles of solute experimentally measured and calculated.

Abstract The solidification control is of extreme importance, because it strongly affects the final casting quality sanity. The structure obtained is generally not homogeneous and gives rise to great variations in composition, with position at small and large scales, which is known as segregation. An understanding of the way segregation occurs in continuous casting is of great importance for steels and in designing post-casting processes. As-cast structures are responsible the reduction in both scale and extension of segregation, because mass transport is dependent on the time required to diffuse a solute over a characteristic distance, e.g., the dendrite spacing that the characterizes the solidification structure. In this work, the effect of pouring temperature in steel slabs on the continuous casting processes are systematically investigated. Relationships between pouring temperature (PT) and center macrosegregation was qualitatively examined. Photomicrographs of specimen taken from transverse sections of steel slabs, shows that macrosegregation is strongly affected by pouring temperature (PT). For solute of carbon, phosphorus and sulfur, has been shown that the pouring temperature (PT) has a significant role on the resulting macrosegregation profiles, while that the elements as such silicon, manganese and aluminum, the said thermal parameter seems not able to affect its macrosegregation profiles. This is due to the fact that the solutes with lower partition coefficients favors segregation during the continuous casting process. It is shown for considered steels, the pouring temperature (PT) influences the position of the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET). Experimental results show that the end of the columnar region is abbreviated when lower pouring temperatures is used in continuous casting process. One can observe that as the pouring temperature (PT) increase in continuous casting process, the secondary dendritic arm spacing (λ2) increase, i.e., the dendritic morphology became coarsen.

RESUMO O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de um programa de pesquisa cujo objetivo principal é o desenvolvimento de consumíveis adequados para a soldagem de componentes de ancoragem fabricados em aços de alta resistência. Após avaliação de diferentes composições químicas, com base no balanço de Mn e Ni é feita uma análise detalhada das propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais da composição química que propiciou os melhores resultados para permitir uma conclusão decisiva. Foram soldadas juntas pelo processo eletrodo revestido utilizando consumíveis de 4,0 mm de diâmetro, com preaquecimento de 200 ºC, corrente contínua, posição plana e energia de soldagem nominal de 1,5 kJ / mm. Após a soldagem, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos (tensão, impacto Charpy-V, dureza) e metalográficos por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e EBSD em amostras removidas integralmente do metal de solda, tanto na condição de como soldado quanto após tratamento térmico pós-soldagem (TTPS) realizado a 600 ºC. Os resultados mostram que os metais de solda obtiveram propriedades mecânicas satisfatórias após o TTPS, sendo adequados para aplicação em componentes de ancoragem de acordo com a especificação IACS W22. Além disso, observou-se que a tenacidade ao impacto experimentou uma melhoria com o aumento do tempo de TTPS, o que é crucial para componentes com maiores espessuras.

ABSTRACT The present work show the results of an extensive working program whose the main goal is the development of consumables suitable for welding of mooring components manufactured in high strength steels. After an exhaustive evaluation of different chemical compositions, based on a balance of Mn and Ni, a detailed analysis of the mechanical and microstructural properties is done for the heat which proposed the best results in order to allow a decisive conclusion. Welded joints were produced by using 4,0 mm diameter covered electrodes, with preheat of 200 ºC, direct current, flat position and nominal heat input of 1.5 kJ/mm. After welding, mechanical tests (tension, impact Charpy-V, hardness) and metallographic examination (optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, electron back scattering diffraction) were performed in specimens removed integrally from the weld metal both in the as welded condition and post weld heat treatment at 600 º C. The results show that the weld metals obtained satisfactory mechanical properties after PWHT, being adequate for application on high strength steel mooring components with several grades according to the IACS W22 specification. In addition, it was noted that impact Charpy-V results were improved with increasing the time of PWHT, which is crucial for larger components.

Abstract Hypoperitectic Cu − 20 wt.% Sn alloy was solidified under different cooling rates and solidification growths using directional solidification system. The effects of cooling rate and solidification growth on the microsegregation profiles and tertiary dendritic arm spacing (λ3) were experimentally investigated along the casting. A mathematical model known as phase-field was applied to simulate microstructure and microsegregation during solidification in system Cu-Sn liquid. In this paper the applicability of the phase-field model to the solidification problem in a real alloy system was systematically explored. Microsegregation profiles and realistic dendritic structures were obtained using the phase-field model. The results calculated by phase-field model show various solidification features consistent with our experiment. The calculated tertiary dendritic arm spacing (λ3) and microsegregation profiles were compared with experimental values from directional solidification system. Since the calculated microsegregation profiles using the equilibrium partition coefficient (keq) can yielded discrepancies from the experimental results, an effective partition coefficient (kef) as a function of solidification growth, is proposed in phase-field model, showing a good agreement with the experimental data for any case examined.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of cast materials are strongly dependent on the thermal history during solidification process. The global casting industry has faced major challenges, i.e., customers increasingly demand completely finished cast parts as well as complexity of casting alloys are rising. Therefore, the previous knowledge the solidification conditions effects on the as-cast ingot microstructure and mechanical properties resulting is very useful in the casting industry in order to improve the casting quality. In this present paper, the thermal parameters effects on the microstructure, microhardness and microsegregation of a Cu- 20 wt.% Sn alloy under transient heat flow conditions were experimentally investigated. The experimental observations indicate that the tertiary dendritic arm spacing (λ3), microsegregation and microhardness are affected by the thermal parameters (solidification speed and cooling rate). Solidification speed (SS) associated with increasing cooling rate (RC) are found to contribute to the decreasing tertiary dendritic arm spacing (λ3). However, cooling rates from 11.36 °C/s to 0.65 °C/s were not found to affect significantly the microhardness along the ingot length. The solute concentration (Sn) in solid region were calculated by Scheil and Clyne-Kurz equation, and used in the predictions of microsegregation profiles. The results calculated by equations, have shown deviations from the experimental data. It is well known that it is very difficult to calculate these concentration profiles using the equilibrium partition coefficient, since frequently castings solidify under non-equilibrium conditions and the solidification process is known as non-equilibrium solidification. For this reason, effect of solidification speed (SS) was considered into equations through effective partition coefficient (kef) that has been determined for the range of solidification speed experimentally examined between 0.19 and 0.89 mm/s. However, results calculated by Scheil and Clyne-Kurz equation using the effective partition coefficient (kef), yielded discrepancies from the experimental results. Because of its deviations between calculated and experimental data, an experimental equation with effective partition coefficient (kef), is considered in present work, showing an excellent agreement with the experimental data.

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the use of CMAP tools® software as a teaching strategy of skeletal muscle components and contraction in undergraduates students of physical education. Methods: Nineteen students from the discipline of fundamentals of human physiology of the undergraduate course of physical education of the Centro Universitário Padre Anchieta were engaged in this study. Students were asked to divide into groups of three people and to bring a notebook with CMAP tools® software installed. During class, students were responsible for creating conceptual maps in CMAP tools® software describing each step of skeletal muscle components and contraction. To assess the effectiveness of this strategy in assisting learning related to skeletal muscle components and contraction, we created a visual learning scale (ranging from 0 (did not help) to 10 (helped a lot)) and applied to students at the end of the class. Results: From the students assessed, 47% scored 10 on the visual learning scale. Overall, 74% scored higher than 8 on the scale. Conclusion: The use of CMAP tools® software was effective in helping students understand concepts related to skeletal muscle components and contraction.

ABSTRACT Nickel-based weld overlays (cladding) are commonly used in oil & gas industry to extend the life of equipment under corrosive environment, as it improves the corrosion resistance without a significant increase in the manufacturing cost, when compared to a full nickel-based alloy equipment. Although there are extensive literature involving overlays applied by SMAW, GMAW or GTAW processes, works about the use of FCAW process are limited. Consequently, an investigation of the performance of the overlays deposited by this process, which provides a higher productivity in comparison to the processes usually used, can be an interesting option for this application. The present work evaluates the mechanical and microstructural properties of the nickel-based superalloy 625 weld overlay deposited on a ASTM A516 Grade 70 carbon steel plate by the flux cored arc welding process (FCAW), both in as welded and heat treated conditions. Bending and microhardness tests were performed in order to verify possible effects of welding thermal cycles on the mechanical properties. The microstructure was evaluated through both optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the use of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Corrosion tests were conducted on samples removed from the top layer of the weld overlay according to ASTM G 48 Method A. All results obtained with this welding process, in both as welded and heat treated samples, were considered satisfactory.

Resumo Os torpedos de ancoragem são estruturas tubulares de aço carbono soldadas, e que tem sua ligação com as linhas de ancoragem que impedem o movimento das plataformas através de olhais de carregamento que são soldados nos tubos de construção. Como estes olhais apresentam geometria complexa, é importante a utilização de peças fundidas para a fabricação destes componentes, de forma a possibilitar o atendimento da demanda do mercado. Como a literatura técnica sobre este tipo de união soldada é ainda limitada, o presente trabalho estuda o comportamento de juntas soldadas de um aço fundido de alta resistência para utilização em olhais de torpedos de ancoragem de plataformas offshore. Para tanto, foram produzidas juntas soldadas com chanfro em K utilizando um aço de classificação ASTM A 148 Gr. 105-85 com resistência mecânica da ordem de 700 MPa, pelo processo eletrodo revestido, na posição plana, com preaquecimento de 200 °C e energia de soldagem média de 1,5 kJ/mm. Após a soldagem, foi realizado tratamento térmico pós-soldagem (TTPS) consistindo de aquecimento a 620 °C por 1 hora com resfriamento ao ar. As propriedades foram avaliadas por ensaios de tração, dureza, impacto Charpy-V e metalográficos por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura com utilização da técnica de EBSD (eléctron backscatering difraction), tanto na condição de como soldado quanto após TTPS. Os resultados revelaram que, embora as propriedades mecânicas obtidas na junta soldada atendam os requisitos para a aplicação em todas as condições de análise, recomenda-se a execução do TTPS para alívio das tensões residuais e promover um revenimento da martensita de alta dureza do último passe de soldagem. Adicionalmente, verificou-se ser possível obter propriedades similares as de juntas soldadas de aços laminados usualmente utilizados em componentes de ancoragem.

Abstract Torpedo anchor piles are tubular carbon steel welded structures that are connected to the mooring lines, which prevent the oil platform from moving, through padeyes welded to the structural pipes. Due to the complex geometry of these padeyes, cast pieces are an important option in the manufacturing of these items, in order to meet market demand. Considering the limited availability of information about such type of welded junction in the technical literature, the present work studies the behavior of welded joints of a high strength cast steel used on offshore platforms torpedo anchor padeyes. Thus, K-type joints were used for the welding of an ASTM A 148 Gr. 105-85 steel with an ultimate tensile strength of about 700 MPa, by using shielded metal arc welding process, in flat position, with a preheating of 200 °C and an average welding energy of 1.5 kJ/mm. After welding, a post weld heat treatment (PWHT) was applied, at 620 °C for 1 hour, followed by air cooling. The properties were evaluated through tensile, hardness and Charpy-V impact tests, as well as metallographic examination by optical and scanning electron microscopy with the use of EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) technique, in both as welded and after PWHT conditions. The results shown that, although the mechanical properties obtained for the welded joint achieved the requirements for the application in all analyzed conditions, the execution of PWHT is recommended for the relief of residual stresses and promotion of a tempering of the high hardness martensite of the last welding pass. Additionally, it was verified that it is possible to obtain properties that are similar to those of welded joints of rolled steels, which are usually used on mooring components.

Resumo A aplicação de revestimentos de ligas de níquel é comumente realizada na indústria de petróleo e gás para aumento da vida de equipamentos em ambientes agressivos, dado que este procedimento melhora a resistência à corrosão, sem um aumento significativo do custo de produção quando comparado com equipamentos maciços fabricados com outras ligas. Normalmente, as juntas são soldadas pelos processos de eletrodos revestidos, MIG/MAG ou TIG. Neste aspecto, o processo eletroescória realiza deposições com elevada energia de soldagem e baixa diluição, podendo ser uma opção interessante, uma vez que proporciona uma elevada produtividade, permitindo a soldagem com aplicação de apenas uma camada. O presente trabalho avalia propriedades mecânicas, microestruturais e de corrosão de revestimentos de liga de níquel 625 depositada em aço carbono ASTM A516 Grau 70 pelo processo eletroescória, tanto na condição como soldado quanto tratado termicamente. A deposição foi realizada com uma e duas camadas sobre chapas de dimensão 50x400x400 mm, na posição plana e energia de soldagem média de 11,7 kJ/mm. Após a soldagem realizou-se tratamento térmico a 620°C por 10 horas, sendo esta condição comparada ao estado de como soldado. Os ensaios de dobramento não indicaram evidências de defeitos. A avaliação microestrutural realizada por microscopia ótica (MO), eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e eletrônica de transmissão (MET) mostrou uma microestrutura austenítica para o depósito com pequena fração volumétrica de fases secundárias e o tratamento térmico de alívio de tensões não promoveu mudanças significativas nas propriedades. Na região de grãos grosseiros da zona termicamente afetada (RGGZTA) foi observada a ocorrência de ferrita pró-eutetóide, perlita e bainita para o depósito com 1 camada e basicamente ferrita e perlita refinadas para o deposito com 2 passes devido às baixas taxas de resfriamento. Adicionalmente, não foi verificada evidência de zona parcialmente diluída (ZPD). Os ensaios de corrosão realizados de acordo com a norma ASTM G-48 em amostras retiradas a partir da camada superior do depósito foram considerados satisfatórios, uma vez que não mostraram evidências de pites e a perda de massa foi pequena.

Abstract Nickel base alloy weld overlays are commonly used in oil & gas industry to extend the life of equipments under aggressive corrosion environments, since the overlays improve the corrosion resistance without a significant increase the cost of manufacture when compared to massive equipment. Usually, the joints are welded by SMAW, GMAW or GTAW processes. In this respect, the electro slag welding process (ESW), which promotes high heat inputs and low dilution welds, can be an interesting option for this application as it provides a high productivity, once only one layer is necessary. The present work evaluates mechanical, microstructural and corrosion properties of an Alloy 625 weld overlay deposited on ASTM A516 Grade 70 carbon steel by ESW process. The deposition was done with 1 and 2 layers in plates of dimension 50x400x400 mm, in the flat position and an average energy welding 11.7 kJ/mm. After welding, a post weld heat treatment at 620°C for 10 hours was performed, this condition being compared with the as welded condition. Bending tests showed no evidences of cracks. Microstructural evaluation performed using both optical (OM), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques showed an austenitic microstructure of the weld deposit with low proportion of secondary phases for all conditions and the post welding heat treatment did not promote significant changes on the mechanical properties. At the coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) the occurrence of proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite and bainite were found for 1 layer deposit and refined pearlite and ferrite for 2 layer deposits were the microstructural constituents observed due to the low cooling rate. In addition, no evidences of partially diluted zones (PDZ) were verified. Corrosion tests conducted on samples removed from top layer of weld overlay cladding deposit according to ASTM G 48 Method A Standard were considered satisfactory once no evidences of pittings were verified and the loss of mass was very reduced.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Reconstructive head and neck surgery is a challenge for the plastic surgeon and requires a large technical arsenal, in which microsurgery plays an essential role. The objective to retrospectively analyze microsurgical head and neck reconstruction performed at the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas over a period of 2 years. Methods: The medical charts of patients who underwent microsurgical reconstruction after head and neck surgery between June 2014 and October 2016 were reviewed to determine which flap was used, the length of the vascular pedicle, recipient vessels, microvascular anastomoses, surgical time, length of hospital stay, complications, and success rate. Results: Thirty microsurgical reconstructions were performed using 3 types of flaps: anterolateral thigh (n = 15), antebrachial radial (n = 8), and fibula (n = 7). Recipient vessels: facial artery (70%) and facial vein (50%), as 92.4% of microvascular anastomoses were end-to-end. The average operative time was 10.1 hours. The average length of hospital stay was 10.7 days. Two flaps were lost due to arterial thrombosis, resulting in a success rate of 93.3%. Conclusions: The microsurgical reconstructions were effective for the repair of complex defects as well as to partially restore the shape and function of the affected tissues. Complications were observed in less than 50% of the cases, although these presented with significant morbidity. The success rate was similar to that reported by major centers of reconstructive microsurgery. The learning curve is long, although it tends to improve with staff training and the acquisition of experience over time.

RESUMO Introdução: Cirurgia reconstrutiva em cabeça e pescoço representa desafio ao cirurgião plástico e requer amplo arsenal técnico, no qual a microcirurgia figura papel essencial. O objetivo é analisar retrospectivamente as reconstruções microcirúrgicas em cabeça e pescoço realizadas na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas no período de dois anos. Métodos: Pacientes submetidos à reconstrução microcirúrgica após cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço, entre junho de 2014 e outubro de 2016, tiveram seus prontuários revisados para avaliação do retalho utilizado, comprimento do pedículo vascular, vasos receptores, anastomoses microvasculares, duração da cirurgia, tempo de internação, complicações e índice de sucesso. Resultados: Foram realizadas 30 reconstruções microcirúrgicas com três tipos de retalhos: anterolateral da coxa (n = 15), antebraquial radial (n = 8) e fíbula (n = 7). Vasos receptores: artéria facial (70%) e veia facial (50%), sendo que 92,4% das anastomoses microvasculares foram término-terminais. As cirurgias duraram, em média, 10,1 horas. O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 10,7 dias. Houve perda de dois retalhos por trombose arterial, levando à taxa de sucesso de 93,3%. Conclusões: As reconstruções microcirúrgicas analisadas foram eficazes na reparação dos defeitos complexos, restaurando parcialmente forma e função dos tecidos acometidos. Foram observadas complicações em menos da metade dos casos, porém com morbidade elevada. O índice de sucesso foi semelhante ao de grandes centros de microcirurgia reconstrutiva. A curva de aprendizado é longa, mas tende a melhorar com o treinamento da equipe e aquisição de experiência ao longo do tempo.

RESUMO: Por que a União precisa aportar mais recursos para a área de educação? Este artigo faz uma contextualização da política educacional brasileira, enfatizando as políticas de fundo (Fundef e Fundeb); apresenta histórico do processo de municipalização e o estudo do custo aluno/ano da Educação Infantil em Teresina, em 2012. Por meio do método de ingredientes, calculou-se o custo aluno/ano, estabelecendo-se um plano de coleta e envolvendo seis categorias relacionadas aos custos diretos de funcionamento das pré-escolas. Constatou-se que o custo da Educação Infantil do município de Teresina ficou acima do valor Fundeb e abaixo do valor projetado para o CAQi e que as receitas do município (próprias e do Fundeb) não são suficientes para atender à demanda da Educação Infantil com a qualidade que a população há tantos anos reclama, o que o Fundef durante dez anos negligenciou, e que o Fundeb ainda não a financia plenamente.

ABSTRACT: Why does Brazilian Federal Union needs to invest more resources in education? This article shows a contextualization of Brazilian educational policy, emphasizing the political background (Fundef and Fundeb). It begins with the brief history of the municipalization process and then it shows the expenses student / year of early childhood education in Teresina in 2012. By the ingredients method, cost per student/year was calculated, setting a collection plan involving six categories related to the direct preschools' operation cost. It was perceived, as result, that the cost of early childhood education in Teresina was more than the Fundeb funding and lower than projected for the CAQi Municipality revenue (its own resources and Fundeb) are not enough to fulfill the demand of early childhood education with the quality that people deserve and ask for a long time. This was neglected by Fundef during 10 years and is still not fully financed by Fundeb nowadays.