Resumo: Objetivou-se identificar a forma como os agentes do sistema agroindustrial do leite no sul e oeste do Maranhão percebem e praticam a produção e a comercialização do leite, bem como as relações entre estes, buscando articular estratégias competitivas regionais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa multicasos qualitativa, com dados coletados mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas, com a utilização da técnica de associação livre de palavras (TALP). Para a avaliação dos resultados, optou-se pelo uso da análise de frequências múltiplas, análise de similitude e elaboração de matriz prototípica. Participaram das entrevistas 23 agentes divididos em quatro grupos, sendo os gestores institucionais responsáveis em apoiar a cadeia do leite, pequenos produtores de leite e laticínios. Nos resultados, foi possível identificar um padrão de opiniões sobre os desafios da produção, bem como aspectos de comercialização do leite considerados importantes institucional e organizacionalmente. Percebeu-se que a infraestrutura e a logística de transporte se posicionaram como sérios obstáculos ao crescimento do mercado leiteiro na região. Além disso, o estudo demonstrou que há uniformidade de critérios considerados importantes para o mercado, como qualidade do leite, higiene na produção, sanidade animal, uso de ordenha mecânica e cumprimento pelos produtores quanto à assistência técnica.

Abstract: This research aimed to identify how agents of the Agro-industrial System of milk in the South and West of Maranhão perceive and practice milk production and commercialization, and the relations among them, seeking to articulate regional competitive strategies. It is a qualitative multi-case study with a semi-structured interview script guided by the Free Word Association Technique (TALP) for data collection. We have used Multiple Frequency Analysis, Similitude Analysis, and a Prototypical matrix formulation to evaluate the results. Twenty-nine agents have participated in the interviews. They were divided into four groups, composed of institutional managers responsible for supporting the milk chain, small producers of milk and dairy products, and dairy products companies' managers. The results enable to identify a pattern of opinions about production challenges and milk commercialization essential aspects, both institutionally and organizationally. Infrastructure and transport logistics were pointed out as severe obstacles to the dairy market growth in the region. Moreover, the study has evidenced the existence of a uniform position on important criteria for the market, such as milk quality, production hygiene, animal health, mechanical milking usage, and compliance with technical assistance by producers.

ABSTRACT Fragmentation is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss in tropical forests through consequences on their different components. Beta diversity patterns across fragments have been studied across multiple spatial scales, but comparisons with intact landscapes and in a variety of vegetation types are scarce. In order to address this issue of anthropogenic landscape disturbance, we tested two hypotheses relating to fragmentation and beta diversity: 1. Floristic homogenization at patch-level scale and 2. Floristic differentiation at landscape-level scale. The study was conducted in the Espinhaço Range biosphere reserve, Brazil. Three landscapes encompassing a broad range of vegetation types were sampled in 115 plots. Two landscapes were fragmented due to mining activities (Sabará and Brumadinho) and one is protected (Parque Estadual Serra do Rola-Moça). Results showed high overall beta diversity both between landscapes (conserved and fragmented) and vegetation types (forest, Brazilian savanna “campos rupestres”, ecotone and ironstone “canga”) with high turnover and species losses, even in highly disturbed vegetation types. The conserved landscape was most diverse in terms of richness. Thus, fragmentation effects differed from the expected with a main role of differentiation processes, and we argue that high beta diversity is not always a good predictor of ecosystem health.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate whether replacing corn starch (CS) energy with isolated soy protein (ISP) and soybean oil (SO) and the ambient temperature affect the protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Thus, a total of 432 European quail from 10 to 30 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design, were used to estimate the protein and energy requirements for maintenance through the comparative slaughter methodology. The treatments consisted of three diets formulated with the replacement of CS, corresponding to 15% of the metabolizable energy in the diet, with ISP and SO, two controlled temperatures (26 and 35 °C), and three levels of feed supply (ad libitum, and 70 and 40% of ad libitum intake), with four replicates of six birds. Protein and energy requirements for weight gain were determined from 160 European quail, slaughtered every five days at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of age. Birds were housed in four groups of 40 birds in a room with thermoneutral temperature (26 °C). The energy sources of the feed and temperatures studied affected protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Replacing CS energy by 15% of dietary energy with SO results in lower protein and energy maintenance requirements for European quail at both temperatures. The protein and energy weight gain requirements of quail fed SO as an energy source is higher than CS and ISP.

Resumo O estudo analisou diversos documentos do curso de mestrado-integrado em Engenharia Elétrica e de Computadores de uma Universidade Pública Portuguesa. Avaliou-se quais são os drivers institucionais1 potencialmente responsáveis pela adoção de novas metodologias no curso. Realizou-se um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa baseada em métodos mistos: análise estatística aplicada a corpus textuais e complementada por análise de conteúdo. Como resultados emergiram duas classes de análise de conteúdo: competências e conhecimentos esperados dos estudantes; e aspectos da formação em Engenharia Elétrica e do ciclo de estudos. Identificaram-se sete drivers da adoção de novas metodologias no curso, com base nas teorias da difusão da inovação e teoria institucional: formação, desenvolvimento, competência, ciclo de estudos, novo, tecnologia e UC. Cada um destes drivers possui os seus próprios outcomes (resultados), 16 no total, que apresentam os efeitos percebidos pelos docentes, avaliadores de curso e coordenadores.

Abstract The study analyzed several instruments of the master-integrated course in Electrical and Computer Engineering at a Portuguese Public University. The institutional drivers responsible for adopting new methodologies in the course were evaluated. A case study was carried out with a qualitative approach based on mixed methods: a statistical analysis applied to textual corpus and complemented by content analysis. As a result, two classes of content analysis emerged: skills and knowledge expected from students; and aspects of training in Electrical Engineering and the study cycle. Seven drivers were identified for the adoption of new methodologies in the course, based on the theories of diffusion of innovation and institutional theory: training, development, competence, study cycle, new, technology, and UC. Each of these drivers has its outcomes, 16 in total, which shows the effects perceived by the teachers, course coordinators and evaluators.

This study provides a risk assessment and risk maps related to the consumption of water contaminated by Al, Ba, Fe and Pb in an industrial area in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 120 samples of drinking water were collected from 26 locations in the municipality of Barcarena, Pará State. Multiple elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The quantifiable elements in the samples were Al, Ba, Fe and Pb. Risk assessment was performed according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) procedures. Results indicate that the highest potential risk of non-carcinogenic adverse health effects for Al was in São João Island; for Ba, Fe and Pb (hazard quotient (HQ) > 1) were in Porto da Balsa community, in the city of Barcarena and Distrito Industrial community, respectively. Maps showed that areas located near Barcarena’s industrial complex are the most affected by water contamination. Therefore, these populations are at higher risk of non-carcinogenic problems, especially children and the elderly, since the majority of the population resides in these areas. Geospatial analysis contributed to delimiting and analyzing risk-change trends in the region, expanding the scope of results to a decision-making process.

RESUMO Estudo aplicado ao contexto da avaliação externa do ensino superior do Brasil. Foram discutidas as recentes reformas no contexto do modelo de avaliação brasileiro (2016-2018). O novo cenário é explicado com base no mapeamento conceitual com um diagrama visual, permitindo a visão sistêmica da aplicação dos novos indicadores de qualidade relativos aos estudantes e do novo modelo de recrutamento de avaliadores do ensino superior. Realizou-se uma análise longitudinal de onze anos dos resultados das ações da avaliação externa do modelo (2004-2014), que antecedeu o início da reforma. A análise cruzou os dados das avaliações in loco com microdados das avaliações do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes. A metodologia de investigação utilizou a triangulação, com combinação de múltiplos métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. Os resultados destacam a capacidade de resposta do modelo em um cenário massificado que apresentou uma média anual de 3.500 ações avaliativas externas envolvendo visitas de avaliadores.

ABSTRACT Study applied to the context of the external assessment of higher education in Brazil. Recent reforms were discussed in the context of the Brazilian evaluation model (2016-2018). The new scenario is explained based on the conceptual mapping with a visual diagram, allowing a systemic view of the application of the new quality indicators related to students and the new model of recruitment of higher education evaluators. An eleven years longitudinal analysis of the results of the external evaluation actions of the model (2004-2014) was carried out, which preceded the beginning of the reform. The analysis cross-checked the data from the on-site micro-data evaluations of the Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (National Student Performance Exam). The research methodology used triangulation, with a combination of multiple qualitative and quantitative methods. The results highlight the model’s responsiveness in a mass scenario that presented an annual average of 3,500 external evaluation actions involving visits by evaluator.

RESUMEN Estudio aplicado al contexto de la evaluación externa de la enseñanza superior en Brasil. Se discutieron las recientes reformas en el contexto del modelo de evaluación brasileño (2016-2018). El nuevo escenario se explica en base al mapeo conceptual con un diagrama visual, permitiendo la visión sistémica de la aplicación de los nuevos indicadores de calidad relativos a los estudiantes y al nuevo modelo de reclutamiento para evaluadores del enseñanza superior. Se realizó un análisis longitudinal de once años de los resultados de las acciones de la evaluación externa del modelo (2004-2014), que antecedió al inicio de la reforma. El análisis cruzó los datos de las evaluaciones in loco con microdatos de las evaluaciones del Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (Examen Nacional de Rendimiento Estudiantil). La metodología de investigación utilizó la triangulación, combinando varios métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los resultados destacan la capacidad de respuesta del modelo en un escenario masificado que presentó un promedio anual de 3.500 acciones de evaluación externa que incluyen visitas de evaluadores.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate if the soil heterogeneity expressed by the different soil classes would condition tree communities with different dynamic behaviors. The data were collected from 25 plots sized 20 × 20 (400 m²), 10 of them with Inceptisols, 9 with Ultisols, 5 with Entisols B and 1 with Entisols A. All individuals with DBH ≥ 5.0 cm in the plots were sampled in 2000, 2005, 2009 and 2015. Rates of mortality, recruitment, gain, loss and turnover dynamics in number of individuals and basal area were estimated for each soil class. The tree communities present in the soil classes showed no differences in the dynamic behavior to the point of expressing edaphic fragment heterogeneity. The differences are associated with stochastic fluctuations in rates caused by small disturbances, suggesting little influence of the soils on the dynamics of small-scale communities.

El objetivo fue evaluar la composición química, producción de materia seca y rendimiento de grano en cinco cultivares de raigrás sometidas a diferente número de cortes, destacando el cultivo de doble propósito. Se ha adaptado el diseño experimental de bloques al azar con 4 repeticiones y arreglo de los tratamientos en un factorial 5x5 (genotipo x número de cortes). Cinco genotipos (Common Estanzuela 284, Advance, y San Gabriel Titán INIA) y el número de secciones varió de 1 a 5. Se observó importancia (P <0,05) genotipo x número de corte para todas las variables. Aumentó el número de cortes en una mayor acumulación de materia seca total (hojas y tallos), pero la menor producción de semillas para todos los genotipos. La respuesta de la composición química de la materia seca varió con el genotipo y número de cortes. Al aumentar el número de cortes había un menor porcentaje de proteína cruda de hojas y tallos para todos los genotipos. Los genotipos mostraron una respuesta cuadrática al contenido de fibra detergente neutro en hojas, y el nivel más bajo se observó cuando se mantiene en un máximo de 3 cortes. Con el objetivo de los productos de doble propósito, uno debe elegir entre 2 a 3 secciones, que tiene una buena producción de materia seca para el ganado y también la promoción de una producción de semillas satisfactoria

The objective of the work was to evaluate the chemical composition and production of dry matter and seed in five genotypes of ryegrass subjected to different number of cuts, with emphasis on growing dual purpose. The experimental delineation was adopted in blocks at random, with four repetitions and the treatments were distributed in factorial scheme 5 x 5 (genotypes x number of cuts). Was used five genotypes: “Comum”, “São Gabriel”, “Estanzuela 284”, “Avance” and “INIA Titán” and five cut number (one, two, up to five cuts). A significant interaction (P< 0.05) genotype x number of cut for all the variables studied was observed. The increase in the number of cuts ordered greater accumulation of total dry matter (leaves and stems), but lower seed production for all genotypes studied. The response of the chemical composition of dry matter varied depending on the genotype and the number of cuts. The increase in the number of cuts promoted lower crude protein content of leaf and stem for all genotypes studied. The genotypes showed quadratic answer to the contents of neutral detergent fiber of leaves, and the lowest level was observed when there were up to three cuts. Aiming the dualpurpose, you must choose from two to three cuts, given a good production of dry matter to animals but also promoting a seed production satisfactory

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a composição bromatológica e produção de massa seca e de sementes em cinco genótipos de azevém submetidos em diferentes número de cortes, com ênfase no cultivo duplo propósito. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 5 (genótipos x número de cortes). Foram utilizados cinco genótipos (Comum, Estanzuela 284, Avance, INIA Titán e São Gabriel) e o número de cortes variou de um até cinco. Foi observada significância (P<0,05) à interação genótipos x número de corte para todas as variáveis analisadas. O aumento do número de cortes determinou maior acúmulo de matéria seca total (folha e colmo), porém menor produção de sementes para todos genótipos estudados. A resposta da composição bromatológica da matéria seca variou conforme o genótipo e o número de cortes. O aumento do número de cortes promoveu menor teor de proteína bruta de folha e colmo para todos os genótipos. Os genótipos apresentaram resposta quadrática quanto ao teor de fibra em detergente neutro de folhas, sendo que o menor teor foi observado quando se realizaram até três cortes. Visando o duplopropósito, deve-se escolher de dois até três cortes, atendendo uma boa produção de matéria seca para os animais, mas também promovendo uma produção de sementes satisfatória

A presença de elementos não essenciais nas águas superficiais do rio Amazonas é uma preocupação global, o objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a distribuição dos elementos As, Al, Mn, e Pb na água do estuário do rio Amazonas. As amostras foram coletadas em três regiões distintas: Canal Norte (AP), Canal Sul (PA) e rio Pará (PA) em três profundidades, com um total de 84 amostras. A espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICPAES) foi utilizada para avaliar os teores de Al, Mn e Pb e a espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com geração de hidretos (HGAAS) foi usada para a análise do As. O As variou de <0,35 a 50,60 µg/L, o Al de <1,88 a 3347,70 µg/L, o Mn de 0,13 a 403,39 µg/L e Pb de <0,18 a 57,78 µg/L. Em média As (canal Sul), Al (todas as regiões), Mn (canal Norte e Sul) e Pb (canal Norte e Sul) se encontraram em valores acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira. Os elementos podem ter origem antrópica originária de atividade de mineração e industrial e origem natural proveniente de decomposição de rochas ígneas da bacia de drenagem do rio Amazonas que disponibilizam o elemento na forma ligada ao material particulado em suspensão.

The non-essential elements found in the superficial waters of the Amazon River is a global worry since the local hydric resources represent the world's largest fresh water reservoir. This research aimed at studying the occurrence of As, Al, Mn and Pb in the waters of the Amazon River estuary. The 84 samples in three depths were collected in three different regions: North Channel of the Amazon River, in the state of Amapá; South Channel of the Amazon River, in the state of Pará; and Pará River, also in the state of Pará. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) method was employed to determine the concentrations of Al, Mn and Pb in the samples while hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) method was employed in determining their As concentrations. As concentrations varied from <0.35 to 50.60 µg/L; Al concentrations varied from <1.88 to 3347.70 µg/L; Mn concentrations varied from <1.92 to 403.39 µg/L; and Pb concentrations varied from <0.18 to 51.96 µg/L. On average, the concentrations of As (samples from the South Channel), of Al (samples from the three regions), of Mn (samples from the North Channel and from the South Channel), and of Pb (samples from the North Channel) were higher than allowed by the Brazilian legislation. The origin of the elements can be anthropogenic due to mining and industrial activities as well as natural due to decomposition of igneous rocks from the drainage basin of the Amazon River which releases the element linked to the suspended particulate matter. High concentrations of toxic elements, especially of As and Pb, put the health of the populations who consume water of the Amazon River and the Pará River at risk.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Botucatu, SP, e teve por objetivo determinar o momento de ocorrência do máximo potencial de germinação durante a maturação das sementes de canafístula, relacionando-a com a secagem dos frutos. Cinco árvores, em final de floração, tiveram 15 inflorescências etiquetadas em 06/02/ 2002. As colheitas, realizadas semanalmente, foram iniciadas na quinta semana após a etiquetagem (35 DAE) e finalizaram quando ocorreu o início da dispersão dos frutos (98 DAE), totalizando 10 colheitas. Os frutos das cinco plantas foram colhidos e avaliados separadamente. Em cada colheita, os frutos foram divididos em duas porções: uma teve as sementes extraídas (sementes frescas), e a outra foi posta para secar em ambiente natural de laboratório para, então, se extraírem as sementes (sementes secas). Determinaram-se o teor de água e a massa seca de 100 sementes frescas e 100 secas. Os testes de germinação das sementes, frescas e secas, foram realizados com e sem escarificação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, considerando-se a árvore e o bloco. A maior capacidade germinativa das sementes foi atingida após a ocorrência do máximo acúmulo de massa. O máximo potencial de germinação, detectado nas sementes escarificadas, foi observado no início da dispersão, quando predominavam sementes duras. A maturação, a germinação e a instalação da dormência em semente imatura foram antecipadas com a sua secagem no interior do fruto separado da planta-mãe.

This study was carried out in Botucatu City, São Paulo State, Brazil with the objective of determining the time of maximum germination during maturation of horsebush seeds, in relation to fruit drying. Five trees, at the end of flowering had 15 inflorescences labeled on 06/02/2002. Weekly harvests were carried out from the fifth week after the inflorescences were labeled (35 DAL - days after labeling) and ended at the beginning of fruit dispersal (98 DAL), totalizing ten harvests. Fruits of five trees were harvested and evaluated separately. For each harvest, fruits were split in two lots: one lot had the seeds extracted for germination (fresh seeds) and the other was dried on room temperature before seed extraction (dry seeds). Water content and dry matter weight of 100 seeds were evaluated on both fresh and dry seeds. Germination tests of fresh and dry seeds were performed with and without scarification. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design, considering a tree as a block. The highest seed germination capacity was reached after the maximum mass accumulation. Maximum germination, was found in scarified seeds at the beginning of seed dispersal, when hard seeds predominated. Maturation, germination, and induction of seed dormancy in immature seeds were anticipated with they dryed inside the fruits separated from the mother tree.

A ocorrência de manifestações clínicas e laboratoriais semelhantes às encontradas na doença de Lyme e da coinfecção com a babesiose já foi demonstrada em trabalhos anteriores em adultos, porém não existem estudos desta natureza em crianças. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico da síndrome de Lyme-Símile em crianças do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e avaliar a prevalência dos anticorpos anti-Borrelia burgdorferi e anti-Babesia bovis no soro de pacientes que preencheram os critérios estabelecidos. MÉTODOS: 100 pacientes entre 9 meses e 16 anos de idade foram submetidos à pesquisa dos anticorpos pela técnica de ELISA e a soroprevalência foi comparada com um grupo-controle. RESULTADOS: Positividade para anticorpos anti-B. burgdorferi ocorreu em 27% dos pacientes com suspeita clínica, sendo 17% IgM e 12% IgG. As manifestações articulares ocorreram em 21 pacientes, as manifestações cutâneas em três pacientes e as manifestações neurológicas em três pacientes. A prevalência de anticorpos contra B. burgdorferi nos pacientes do grupo-controle foi de 15% (p < 0,05). Os anticorpos anti-B. bovis estiveram presentes em 24% dos pacientes suspeitos e em 3% do grupo-controle (p < 0,05). Concomitância dos anticorpos ocorreu em 10 pacientes com suspeita clínica e em nenhum controle. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a etiologia de caráter infeccioso e reacional das manifestações clínicas encontradas nos pacientes, podendo caracterizar uma síndrome, que possivelmente ocorra na presença de múltiplos microrganismos e está relacionada com carrapatos. Foi encontrada freqüência superior de anticorpos contra Borrelia e Babesia nos pacientes em relação aos controles. Embora pequena, essa diferença foi estatisticamente significante. Este achado não atesta que o quadro clínico dos pacientes seja causado por espécies de Borrelia ou Babesia, mas levantam a possibilidade de participação de algum agente infeccioso que possa estar relacionado a esses microrganismos. Os estudos devem prosseguir para melhorar a delineação desta síndrome em nosso meio, assim como isolar o agente etiológico.

The occurence of clinical and laboratory manifestations similar to the Lyme disease and the coinfection with babesiosis was already demonstraded in previous researches with adult patients. However, there are no studies in children. OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical-epidemiological profile of the Lyme Simile Syndrome in children of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul and to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia bovis in the serum of patients that had fulfilled the established criteria. METHODS: One hundred patients (age range: 9 months and 16 years-old) were screened for the presence of those antibodies, using ELISA, comparing to a control group. RESULTS: Antibodies against B. burgdoferi were found in 27% of the patients with a clinical picture. The articular manifestations occurred in 21 patients, cutaneous in 3 and neurological in 3. The prevalency in the control group was 15% (p < 0.05). The antibodies for Babesia bovis were present in 24% of suspect patients and in 3% of the control group (p < 0.05). Concomitance of the two antibodies occurred in 10 patients with clinical suspect and no one of control group. CONCLUSION: The results found in this study suggest the infective and reactive character of the clinical manifestations of the patients, which can characterize a Syndrome, which possibly occurs in the presence of multiple microorganisms that can be associated with tick-borne. It was found a higher frequency of antibodies against borrelia and babesia in patients in relation to the controls. Although small, this difference was statistically significant. This finding does not certify that the clinical features of patients is caused by species of borrelia or babesia, but raised the possibility of involvement of some infectious agent that could be related to these micro-organisms. The studies should continue in order to improve the delineation of this syndrome and to try the isolation of the etiologic agent in our State.