RESUMEN: El músculo esquelético cumple un rol fundamental en la vida de las personas, y su evaluación entrega mucha información de la salud. Se han utilizado diferentes herramientas para evaluar la masa muscular, y el último tiempo se ha incluido la evaluación del grosor muscular (MT) a través de la ecografía como una alternativa para estimarla, las cuales se pueden realizar con la sonda en distintas posiciones, sin embargo, estas podrían presentar diferencias. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar si existen diferencias en la medición de MT en el músculo vasto lateral (VL) utilizando la sonda en posición longitudinal o transversal y determinar su asociación con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores. Los resultados indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre las mediciones de MT con la sonda en posición longitudinal y transversal (valor p: 0.084). Sin embargo, al asociar estas mediciones con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores, se encontró que las mediciones transversales poseen una asociación fuerte (r: 0.547; valor p < 0.001), mientras que las mediciones longitudinales presentan una asociación moderada (r: 0.351; valor p: 0.007). Esto sugiere que las mediciones con la sonda posicionada transversal para medir MT serían la mejor opción. Por lo tanto, podría ser de utilidad como un indicador de masa magra de los miembros inferiores en caso de no contar con herramientas como la bioimpedancia bioeléctrica o resonancia nuclear magnética.

SUMMARY: Skeletal muscles play a fundamental role in people's lives and their evaluation provides significant information on health. Different tools have been used to evaluate muscle mass, and the evaluation of muscle thickness (MT) using ultrasound has been included as an alternative, which can be performed with the probe in different positions; however, these could present differences. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are differences in the measurement of MT in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle using the probe in the longitudinal or transverse position, and to determine its association with the lean mass of the lower limbs. The results indicated no significant differences between MT measurements with the probe in the longitudinal and transverse positions (p =0.084). However, when associating these measurements with lower limb lean mass, it was found that transverse measurements had a strong association (r =0.547; p < 0.001), while longitudinal measurements had a moderate association (r =0.351; p =0.007). This suggests that measurements with the probe positioned transversely to measure the MT would be the best option. Therefore, it could be useful as an indicator of lower limb lean mass in the absence of tools, such as bioelectrical bioimpedance or magnetic nuclear resonance.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar los factores asociados a la procrastinación en una muestra de 210 estudiantes de educación básica y bachillerato de una institución educativa de Salcedo (Ecuador) con una media de M=13.81 años y una desviación estándar de DE=1.81 años. Para ello se aplicó la escala de Procrastinación Académica (EPA) y se analizaron los resultados de la misma con factores como el género, la procedencia (urbano/rural), el año académico, la situación económica y las actividades extracurriculares (estudiar y apoyar en empresas familiares o solo estudiar). Se encuentra que la situación económica y la ocupación tienen relación estadísticamente significativa (p< ,05) con la procrastinación académica. Siendo que los que tienen una situación económica mejor procrastinan menos al igual que los que apoyan en negocios familiares. Por otra parte, se encuentra que la procrastinación varía en base al año académico. Se concluye que la PA es sensible ante factores de carácter socioeconómico, académico y familiar.

Resumo Procrastinação em uma amostra de 210 estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio de uma instituição de ensino de Salcedo (Equador) com média de M = 13,81 anos e desvio padrão de DP = 1,81 anos. Para isso, foi aplicada a escala de Procrastinação Acadêmica (EPA) e seus resultados foram analisados com fatores como sexo, procedência (urbana / rural), ano acadêmico, situação econômica e atividades extracurriculares (estudo e apoio em empresas familiares ou apenas estudar). Verifica-se que a situação econômica e a ocupação têm uma relação estatisticamente significante (p <, 05) com a procrastinação acadêmica. Sendo que aqueles que têm uma melhor situação econômica procrastinam menos como aqueles que apóiam nas empresas familiares. Por outro lado, verifica-se que a procrastinação varia de acordo com o ano acadêmico. Conclui-se que a PA é sensível a fatores socioeconômicos, acadêmicos e familiares.

Abstract This research aims to determine the factors associated with procrastination on a sample of 210 students of basic and baccalaureate education in Salcedo (Ecuador) with a mean of 13.81 of age and a standard deviation of 1.81 of age. The Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) was conducted based on gender, background (urban/ rural), academic year, economic status, after school activities (such as studying and supporting family businesses or simply studying). The findings show that economic status and day-to-day activities are significantly associated (p< .05) with academic procrastination. Hence, those who procrastinate less are better off financially or support their family business. On the other hand, it was found that procrastination vary by school year. Results indicate that Academic Procrastination (AP) is particularly sensitive to socioeconomic, academic and family factors.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de embolia pulmonar, seu relacionamento com os níveis de dímero D e outros possíveis fatores associados, além dos efeitos adversos da anticoagulação e meios de contraste. Métodos: Conduziu-se um estudo de coorte retrospectiva em um hospital público chileno. Foram incluídos os pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos com COVID-19, mecanicamente ventilados na unidade de terapia intensiva, admitidos entre março e junho de 2020. Todos os pacientes receberam tromboprofilaxia com heparina, que foi aumentada até uma dose de anticoagulação com níveis de dímero D acima de 3µg/mL. Resultados: Foram acompanhados 127 pacientes, dos quais 73 foram submetidos à angiografia por tomografia computadorizada (média de idade de 54 ± 12 anos; 49 homens). Sessenta e dois dos 73 pacientes (84,9%) receberam anticoagulação total antes da angiografia por tomografia computadorizada. Além disso, 18 dos 73 pacientes tiveram embolia pulmonar (24,7%). Na comparação entre pacientes com e sem embolia pulmonar, não se observaram diferenças significantes em termos de idade, sexo, obesidade, tabagismo, escores de Wells e Genebra revisado, dímero D ou mortalidade. O uso de anticoagulantes foi similar em ambos os grupos. O número de dias desde o início da anticoagulação até a angiografia por tomografia computadorizada foi significantemente menor no grupo com embolia pulmonar (p = 0,002). Três pacientes tiveram lesão renal aguda após o contraste (4,1%), e um paciente teve sangramento importante. Conclusão: Apesar da anticoagulação, um em cada quatro pacientes com COVID-19 submetidos à ventilação mecânica e avaliados com angiografia por tomografia computadorizada apresentou embolia pulmonar. Com uma maior demora para realização da angiografia por tomografia computadorizada após início de anticoagulação empírica, identificou-se um número significantemente menor de embolias

Abstract Objective: To assess pulmonary embolism incidence, its relationship with D-dimer levels and other possible associated factors in addition to anticoagulation and contrast medium adverse effects. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study at a Chilean public hospital was performed. Intensive care unit mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients older than 18 years old between March and June 2020 were included. All patients received heparin thromboprophylaxis, which was increased to the anticoagulation dose with D-dimer greater than 3µg/mL. Results: A total of 127 patients were followed up, of whom 73 underwent pulmonary computed tomography angiography (mean age, 54 ± 12 years; 49 men). Sixty-two of the 73 patients (84.9%) received full anticoagulation before computed tomography angiography. In addition, 18 of the 73 patients had pulmonary embolism (24.7%). When comparing patients with and without pulmonary embolism, no significant differences were observed in age, sex, obesity, smoking, Wells and revised Geneva scores, D-dimer or mortality. Anticoagulant use was similar in both groups. Days from the start of anticoagulation until computed tomography angiography were significantly lower in the pulmonary embolism group (p = 0.002). Three patients presented post contrast-acute kidney injury (4.1%), and one patient had major bleeding. Conclusion: Despite anticoagulation, one in four COVID-19 patients connected to mechanical ventilation and evaluated with pulmonary computed tomography angiography had pulmonary embolism. With a longer the delay in performing computed tomography angiography once empirical anticoagulation was started, significantly less pulmonary embolism was identified.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the execution phase of the sentence, in order to understand the crisis in prisons due to overcrowding and confrontation with organized crime. The objective is to identify the deficient public policies implemented by the State that generated the precarious prison situation. For the above, the direct experimentation of the phenomenon of insecurity and power struggle that takes place in Ecuadorian prisons is addressed. The analysis of the statistics of the body in charge of social rehabilitation will establish the collapse of the rehabilitation system, considering as a possible solution to the phenomenon urgent reforms to the Comprehensive Organic Penal Code, the minimum criminal intervention and the need for pardon of those deprived of liberty.

Resumen: El presente trabajo analiza la fase de ejecución de la pena, con la finalidad de entender la crisis en los centros carcelarios por el hacinamiento y enfrentamiento del crimen organizado. El objetivo es identificar las deficientes políticas públicas implementadas por el Estado que generaron la precaria situación carcelaria. Para lo anterior se aborda la experimentación directa del fenómeno de la inseguridad y pugna del poder que se verifica en las cárceles ecuatorianas. El análisis de las estadísticas del organismo encargado de la rehabilitación social permitirá establecer el colapso del sistema de rehabilitación, planteándose como posible solución al fenómeno urgentes reformas al Código Orgánico Integral Penal, la mínima intervención penal y la necesidad de indulto de los privados de libertad.

Resumen La investigación evalúa la ansiedad competitiva y la autoeficacia antes y después de las competencias deportivas y establece una comparación entre grupos relacionados. Es un estudio comparativo de corte transversal sobre una muestra 60 tenistas ecuatorianos de escalafón nacional junior y abierto, seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se emplearon el cuestionario de autoevaluación de Illinois (CSAI-2), en la versión actualizada de Cox, Martens y Russell (2003), que evalúa la ansiedad cognitiva, la ansiedad somática y la autoconfianza; la escala de autoeficacia general (EAG) de Baessler y Schwarzer (1973), adaptada por Cid, Orellana y Barriga (2010), que valora pensamientos y sentimientos personales frente a una competencia; la escala de autoeficacia motriz (EAM) adaptada al deporte para evaluar pensamientos, sentimientos y actuaciones frente al estrés de las competencias deportivas (Sanjuán, Pérez, & Bermúdez, 2000), y el inventario psicológico de ejecución deportiva (IPED) de Hernández (2006), adaptado por Hernández-Mendo, Morales-Sánchez y Peñalver (2014), que identifica fortalezas y debilidades en atletas durante la práctica deportiva. Los participantes alcanzaron mayores valores en la segunda evaluación del CSAI-2, patrón que se repite en el EAG, el EAM y en el IPED, excepto en la dimensión autoconfianza. El constructo autoconfianza podría estudiarse de manera aislada a fin de explicar su invariabilidad.

Abstract The research evaluates competitive anxiety and self-efficacy before and after sports competitions and establishes a comparison between related groups. It is a comparative cross-sectional study and was carried out on a sample of 60 Ecuadorian tennis players of junior and open national ranking; selected through non-probabilistic sampling for convenience. The Illinois Self-Assessment Questionnaire (CSAI-2) was used in the updated version of Cox, Martens and Russell (2003), which evaluates Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, and Self-Confidence; the Scale of General Self-Efficacy (EAG) of Baessler and Schwarzer (1973), adapted by Cid, Orellana and Barriga (2010), which values personal thoughts and feelings in the face of a competition; the Scale of Motor Self-Efficacy (EAM) adapted to the sport to evaluate thoughts, feelings and actions in the face of the stress of sports competitions (Sanjuán, Pérez, & Bermúdez, 2000); and the Sports Execution Psychological Inventory (IPED) of Hernández (2006), adapted by Hernández-Mendo, Morales-Sánchez and Peñalver (2014), which identifies strengths and weaknesses in athletes during sports practice. Participants reached higher values in the second evaluation of CSAI-2; pattern repeated in the EAG; the EAM; and in the IPED, except in the Self-confidence dimension. The Self-confidence construct could be studied in isolation, in order to explain its invariability.

Introduction: A practice of generalized alcohol consumption in adolescents is known, although not the most representative pattern or type of consumption. Objective: Identify by gender, the levels and patterns of alcohol use in a sample of Ecuadorian adolescents. Methodology: Descriptive, categorical and comparative study with the AUDIT. Sample: 1260 adolescents (55.3% men), 12 to 19 years old (M = 15; SD = 1.56), students from 11 centers (86% public), in the General Basic Education cycle (30.2%) and High School (69.8%) of Cotopaxi and Tungurahua provinces. Results: Alcohol use is widespread in the sample, abstinence is 43% and 49% in men and women, the type of alcohol use does not present significant risks and the alcohol use pattern is low and moderate. The pattern of alcohol use is mostly moderate; the intense style prevalence is 15.7% and 22.2% in men and women. The gender is invariant. Conclusions: There is a widespread practice of moderate alcohol use and a pattern of Mediterranean-type alcohol use.

Introducción: Se conoce una práctica del consumo generalizada de alcohol en adolescentes, aunque no el patrón o tipo de consumo más representativo. Objetivo: Identificar por sexo los niveles y los patrones de consumo de alcohol en una muestra de adolescentes ecuatorianos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, categórico y comparativo a través del uso de la prueba AUDIT. Participantes: 1260 adolescentes (55,3% hombres), de 12 a 19 años (M = 15; DE = 1,56), estudiantes de 11 centros (86% públicos), en ciclo de Educación Básica General (30.2%) y Bachillerato (69.8%) de las provincias de Cotopaxi y Tungurahua. Resultados: El consumo de alcohol se encuentra extendido en la muestra, la abstinencia es del 43% y el 49% en hombres y mujeres, el tipo de consumo no presenta riesgos significativos. El patrón de consumo de alcohol es mayoritariamente moderado; la prevalencia del estilo intenso es del 15.7 y el 22.2% en hombres y mujeres. El sexo es invariante. Conclusiones: Hay una práctica generalizada de consumo de alcohol moderado y un patrón de consumo del tipo mediterráneo.

ABSTRACT Background: The functional fitness of older people may be associated with their nutritional status. Aim: To assess the association between of anthropometric measures with functional fitness in older people. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 75 participants aged 65 to 89 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass (FM) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were calculated from anthropometric measures. The functional fitness was determined using the Senior Fitness Test battery. Results: BMI and FM indicated obesity, and WHtR indicated cardiometabolic risk in 49%, 55% and 83% of participants, respectively. SMI indicated a low muscle mass in 91% of females. Performance standards of chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step test and 8-foot up-and-go tests were met in 1%, 8%, 1% and 89% of participants, respectively. Significant negative correlations were found between 2-min step test and BMI, WHtR and FM (r = −0.26, −0.31 and −0.48 respectively). Back scratch had a negative correlation with BMI (r = −0.23) and SMI (rho = −0.28). Significant positive correlations were found between 8-foot up-and-go, WHtR (rho = 0.28) and FM (rho = 0.23), and between 2-min step test and SMI (rho = 0.28). The coefficient of determination (R2) between 2-min step test with BMI, WHtR and FM were 0.05, 0.08 and 0.22, respectively, while the R2 between back scratch and BMI was 0.04. Multiple regression models indicated that FM affected the 2-min step test independently of BMI and WHtR (adjusted R2 = 0.22), however age and sex negatively influenced these associations. Conclusions: Functional fitness of older adults is influenced by nutritional anthropometric measures, particularly BMI, WHtR and FM for aerobic capacity, and BMI for upper limb flexibility.

Introducción: El estado nutricional y la condición física funcional (CFF) pueden estar relacionados en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de medidas antropométricas nutricionales sobre CFF. Material y Método: Estudio transversal realizado en 75 adultos de 65 a 89 años. Las variables antropométricas fueron índice de masa corporal (IMC), razón cintura-talla (RCT), masa adiposa (MA) e índice de masa muscular esquelética (IMME). La evaluación de CFF se efectuó con la batería Senior Fitness Test. Resultados: El IMC y MA indicaron obesidad, y RCT indicó riesgo cardiometabólico en 49%, 55% y 83% de los participantes, respectivamente. IMME indicó una baja masa muscular en 91% de las mujeres. El estándar de rendimiento para las pruebas sentarse-levantarse, flexión-codo, paso-2-minutos y levantarse-caminar-sentarse se logró en 1%, 8%, 1% y 89% de los participantes, respectivamente. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas negativas entre paso-2-minutos con IMC, RCT y MA (r = −0.26,-0.31 y-0.48 respectivamente. La misma asociación se observó entre juntar-manos-espalda con IMC (r = −0.23) e IMME (rho = −0.28). Se encontraron correlaciones significativas positivas entre levantarse-caminar-sentarse con RCT (rho=0.28) y MA (rho = 0.23), y entre paso-2-minutos con IMME (rho = 0.28). Los R2 entre paso-2-minutos e IMC, RCT y MA fueron 0.05, 0.08 y 0.22, respectivamente, mientras que el R2 entre juntar-manos-espalda e IMC fue 0.04. Los modelos de regresión múltiple indicaron que MA afectó la prueba paso-2-minutos independientemente de IMC y RCT (R2 ajustado = 0.22), aunque la edad y sexo afectaron negativamente estas asociaciones. Conclusiones: La CFF de adultos mayores es influenciada por alteraciones evidenciadas por medidas antropométricas nutricionales, particularmente IMC, RCT y MA sobre la capacidad aeróbica, e IMC sobre la flexibilidad de extremidad superior.

Resumo: Este artigo examina como estudantes chilenos de ensino médio envolvidos em protestos estudantis demonstram e fazem uso de sua compreensão sobre política e história para informar e orientar suas próprias ações políticas. Com base em trabalho de campo realizado em 2014 em uma escola chilena de ensino médio, utilizo a análise de discurso para examinar entrevistas de estudantes como um tipo específico de trabalho social. Nestas entrevistas, defendo que os estudantes apresentavam e participavam da produção constante de marcos coerentes em que história e política estão conectadas. A compreensão de história e política dos estudantes informa e afeta uma à outra, bem como se torna significativa em sua educação em cidadania.

Abstract: This article examines how Chilean high school students who are involved in student protests demonstrate and make use of their understandings of politics and history, in order to inform and orient their own political actions. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2014 in a Chilean public high school, I use discourse analysis to examine students’ interviews as a particular kind of social work. In these interviews, I argue that students were displaying and participating in the constant production of coherent frameworks in which history and politics are connected. Students’ understandings of history and politics inform and affect each other, as well as become significant in their citizenship education.

Resumo: A substituição de florestas tropicais por sistemas de produção representa uma das principais fontes de alteração nos ecossistemas de riachos. Contudo, a composição atual das assembleias também depende do tempo decorrente desde o início dessas transformações e, desta forma, o conhecimento de cenários históricos variados pode facilitar a realização de ações que envolvam a recuperação de ambientes aquáticos. Neste estudo, foi realizado o inventário dos peixes de riachos em bacias cujo desmatamento foi intensificado nos últimos 20 anos, para compor uma linha de base que possa ser usada em estudos ecológicos e taxonômicos. Foram amostradas as variáveis do hábitat, físicas e químicas e os peixes de 60 riachos da região noroeste do estado de Mato Grosso, nas bacias dos rios Aripuanã e Juruena. No total, 130 espécies foram registradas, com predominância numérica de pequenos caracídeos e grande número de espécies raras, sendo 50 espécies representadas por menos que dez indivíduos e 19 por apenas um indivíduo. Aproximadamente 15% dos táxons amostrados foram identificados somente no nível genérico e vários precisam de estudos taxonômicos e moleculares mais detalhados para alcançar identificações satisfatórias. As espécies não-nativas foram representadas por dois exemplares e nenhuma espécie sabidamente ameaçada foi registrada. Embora a qualidade do hábitat seja superior nos riachos florestados, não houve diferenças na riqueza das assembleias quando comparada aos riachos de microbacias de pastagem, porém com faixa ripária florestada, ou com maior desmatamento. Contudo, a abundância foi maior nesses dois grupos de riachos, como resultado da dominância de caracídeos de pequeno porte.

Abstract: The replacement of tropical forests to production systems is one of the leading causes of riverine ecosystem alterations. However, current assemblages’ composition may also result from the time since these transformations have begun. Therefore, the knowledge of diversified historical scenarios can facilitate the accomplishment of actions that involve the aquatic environments recovery. In this study, an inventory of stream fish was carried out in basins whose deforestation was intensified in the last 20 years, to compose a baseline for ecological and taxonomic studies. The habitat, physical and chemical variables, and the fish assemblages from 60 streams in the northwest region of the state of Mato Grosso, in the Aripuanã and Juruena river basins, were sampled with standardized procedures. For a total of 130 species, a numerical predominance of small-sized Characidae and great rarity were registered, with 50 species represented by less than ten individuals and 19 singletons. Approximately 15% of the sampled taxa were identified only at the generic level, and for several taxa, more detailed taxonomic and molecular studies are required in order to achieve satisfactory identifications. None threatened species were so far reported. On the other hand, two specimens of non-native species were sampled. Although habitat quality is higher in forested streams, no differences in the species richness were registered when compared to the pasture with riparian forest streams or to more deforested streams. However, abundance was greater in these last two streams groups as a result of small-sized characins dominance.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación es establecer la presencia de sintomatología psicológica clínica y subclínica, niveles de riesgo y necesidad de atención psicológica en el estudiantado de la Escuela de Psicología de la PUCESA que presenta bajo rendimiento académico. La investigación posee un diseño no experimental, de tipo cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo y comparativo y de corte transversal. Participaron 92 estudiantes de las carreras de Psicología Clínica y Organizacional, divididos en 77,2% (mujeres) y 22,8% (hombres); evaluados con el Inventario de los 90 Síntomas revisado (SCL-90-R) de Derogatis, Rickels y Rock (1976). El 65,1% de los examinados presentaron bajo rendimiento académico (condicionamiento académico), mientras el 34,4% estuvo constituido por estudiantes no condicionados como grupo de comparación. Los resultados revelan que el estudiantado con primer condicionamiento muestra mayor prevalencia en ideas y comportamientos obsesivo-compulsivos, sintomatología depresiva, somatizaciones y en menor medida ansiedad, ideación paranoide y hostilidad; en el estudiantado con segundo condicionamiento los síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos disminuyen, la ansiedad casi desaparece, mientras que la depresión y la hostilidad aumentan, aunque sin alcanzar niveles clínicos; no existen diferencias significativas con el grupo control. Un 19,1% de los examinados se encuentra en riesgo debido a su sintomatología, mientras que un 3,5% presenta necesidades de atención psicológica.

Abstract This study reports on clinical and subclinical psychological symptoms, risk levels and psychological care requirements identified in psychology majors with low academic achievement at the Catholic Pontifical University of Ecuador (PUCESA) This study is used a non-experimental design which is quantitative in nature, descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional. A sample group of 92 students were selected specifically among students majoring in Clinical and Organizational Psychology. The Revised Symptom Checklist – 90-R (SCL 90-R) by Derogatis, Rickels and Rock (1976) was used to assess the sample group of 77.2% women and 22.8% men. Approximately 65.1% of the participants displayed low academic performance (academic conditioned) while 34.4 made up the control group of students (unconditioned) for a head-to-head comparison. Based on the results, the first academic conditioned group had a higher prevalence of obsessive-compulsive ideation and behaviors with symptoms of depression, somatization, anxiety, paranoid ideation and hostility, though to a lesser extent. While students in the second non-condition group had fewer obsessive-compulsive symptoms and low anxiety, they had higher rates of depression and hostility which did not, however, attain clinical levels. Although no significant differences were found with the control group, 19.1% were deemed to be at risk for developing psychological disorders due to their symptoms, while 3.5% required psychological counseling.

Abstract Educational innovations are disruptive processes within schools and can affect not only students’ learning but also other aspects of their lives and of their schools’ culture, such as the identity of its members. This study attempts to understand how an educational innovation opens up new spaces of identity configuration within a school and how students and teachers produce meanings by participating in it. To do so, we present a case study from the Interdisciplinary School Research Program about a school named Sagrados Corazones de Manquehue, based on semi-structured interviews with the actors involved in this project and an analytic approach drawing from grounded theory. Our findings show that innovation can configure a space in which new identities are produced through emergent discourses, practices, and external acknowledgement. At the same time, this new space impacts both the students’ self-knowledge and the teachers’ professional development, and furthers a strong sense of community among the members of the program. However, it also implies a constant risk of reproducing some of the excluding dynamics of the school.

Resumen Las innovaciones educativas son procesos disruptivos dentro de los establecimientos educativos, y pueden tener efectos no sólo en los aprendizajes de los estudiantes, sino también en otros aspectos de la vida y la cultura escolar, incluida la identidad de sus distintos actores. El objetivo de este estudio es comprender cómo una innovación educativa puede abrir nuevos espacios de configuración de identidad en un establecimiento escolar y contribuir a la producción de significados por parte de los estudiantes y profesores involucrados. Para cumplir con dicho objetivo realizamos un estudio de caso de corte cualitativo, analizando el Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigación Escolar, un proyecto innovador de un establecimiento en Santiago de Chile en el que se pretende que estudiantes de educación secundaria formen competencias de investigación científica y académica. Aplicamos entrevistas semiestructuradas a los diversos actores involucrados en el proyecto, las cuales fueron analizadas siguiendo las líneas de la teoría fundamentada. Los resultados muestran que una innovación puede promover un espacio de producción de nuevas identidades a través de la emergencia de discursos, prácticas y reconocimiento externo, a la vez que impacta el autoconocimiento de los estudiantes y el desarrollo profesional de los profesores y genera un fuerte sentido de comunidad entre sus miembros, aunque bajo el riesgo de reproducir dinámicas de exclusión propias de la escuela.

Background: Chile has drastically altered eating patterns and physical activity. The main nutritional problem faced by Chilean society is overweight, which arises progressively from an early age. The aim of this study is to determine the nutritional status and compare fitness levels and fasting glucose in students. Patients and Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study was conducted, making a comparison by gender and nutritional status, with 100 students (56 men and 44 women) aged 12-15 years old. Body composition, fasting glucose and fitness were evaluated. Results: women had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than men (22.73% and 19.65%). In the comparison of gender differences statistics were reported in one repetition maximum (1RM) (p = 0.001), abdominal strength (p = 0.004) and velocity (p = 0.001), there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.24) and fasting glucose (p = 0.99). In the comparison of nutritional status, the students classified as obese had a higher waist perimeter (p = 0.001), more time to walk 400 m (p = 0.008). There were no significant differences in other variables. Conclusions: women have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than men. Obese students have a waist circumference more elevated, more time to walk 400 meters (p = <0.05) and they have increased levels of basal glucose.

Antecedentes: en Chile se han modificado drásticamente los patrones de alimentación y de actividad física. El principal problema nutricional que enfrenta la sociedad chilena es el exceso de peso, que se presenta en forma progresiva desde temprana edad. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el estado nutricional y comparar los niveles de condición física y glicemia en ayuno de los escolares. Pacientes y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo- comparativo de corte transversal, realizando una comparación por género y estado nutricional, con 100 escolares (56 hombres y 44 mujeres) de entre 12 a 15 años de edad. Se evaluó la composición corporal, la glucosa en ayuna y la condición física. Resultados: las mujeres presentaron mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad que los hombres (22,73% y 19,65%). En la comparación de género se reportaron diferencias estadísticas en una repetición máxima (1RM) (p = 0,001), resistencia abdominal (p = 0,004) y velocidad (p = 0,001); no existieron diferencias significativas en el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p = 0,24) ni en glucosa en ayunas (p = 0,99). En la comparación del estado nutricional, en los escolares clasificados como obesos se observó un perímetro de cintura más elevado (p = 0,001) y mayor tiempo para recorrer 400 m (p = 0,008); no existieron diferencias significativas en las demás variables. Conclusiones: las mujeres presentan una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad que los hombres. Los escolares obesos presentan un perímetro de cintura más elevado, mayor tiempo para recorrer 400 metros (p = < 0,05) y poseen niveles aumentados de glucosa basal.

Introduction: Morbid obesity is a disease that must be treated comprehensively (i.e. multi/interdisciplinary). Bariatric surgery is an effective and secure procedure for treating this health condition; however, the higher the weight is, the greater the risk of morbimortality might be. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a multidisciplinary treatment program on metabolic and anthropometric parameters and the physical condition of bariatric surgery candidates. Materials and Methods: 1 man and 9 women of ~42.5 years old, with morbid obesity (n = 3) or obesity and comorbilities (diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance) (n = 7), all of them candidates for bariatric surgery, were submitted to physical exercise, psychological support and nutritional education, 3 times a week during 3 months. 72 hours before and after the last intervention session: body mass; fat mass index; BMI; waist circumference; physical condition; glycemia; HDL, LDL and total cholesterol; and triglycerides, were assessed (with a ≥12-hour fast). Results: After intervention, body mass (p=0.004), BMI (p=0.002), fat mass index (p=0.047) and physical condition (p=0.000) showed significant changes. Despite their tendency to decrease, remaining variables did not show significant changes. Conclusions: A comprehensive reasonable-frequent, short intervention (i.e. 3 sessions per week, during 3 months) may lead to significant weight and body fat loss, apart from enhancing considerably the physical condition of candidates for bariatric surgery. Longer time and/ or higher frequency in interventions might be necessary in order to modify significantly plasmatic variables.

Introduccion: la obesidad morbida es una enfermedad que debe ser tratada de forma integral (i.e., multi/ interdisciplinar). Para esta condicion la cirugia bariatrica es efectiva y segura en el tratamiento, sin embargo, a mayor peso preoperatorio podria aumentar la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es determinar los efectos de un programa de tratamiento interdisciplinar sobre parametros metabolicos, antropometricos y la condicion fisica en candidatos a cirugia bariatrica. Material y metodos: un hombre y nueve mujeres con un promedio de 42,5 anos de edad con obesidad morbida (n = 3) u obesidad y comorbilidades (diabetes mellitus tipo II, hipertension arterial, dislipidemia, resistencia a la insulina) (n=7) candidatos a cirugia bariatrica, fueron sometidos a ejercicio fisico, apoyo psicologico y educacion nutricional, tres veces por semana durante tres meses. Antes y 72 horas despues de la ultima sesion de intervencion se evaluo (en ayuno ≥12 horas): masa corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa, imc, perimetro de cintura, condicion fisica, glicemia, colesterol total, colesterol hdl, colesterol ldl y trigliceridos. Resultados: posterior a la intervencion la masa corporal (p=0,004), el imc (p=0,002), el porcentaje de masa grasa (p=0,047) y la condicion fisica (p=0,000) presentaron cambios significativos. las demas variables dependientes no presentaron cambios significativos, aunque tendieron a disminuir. Conclusiones: una intervencion integral de frecuencia moderada y corta duracion (i.e., tres sesiones/semana durante tres meses) permitiría reducir significativamente el peso y la grasa corporal, además de mejorar considerablemente la condición física en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. una mayor duración y/o frecuencia de intervención podría ser necesaria para modificar significativamente variables plasmáticas.

In this paper we proceed to present the results of an investigationabout the social imaginaries constructed by the press in a specific context thatcorresponds to the argentinean economic crisis in 2001, and also seeks to contributeempirically to the discussion about the power of media in contexts of social conflict.

En el presente trabajo se procede a la entrega de los resultadosde una investigación acerca de los imaginarios sociales producidos por la prensaen un contexto específico que corresponde a la crisis argentina de 2001, y, a su vez, procura contribuir empíricamente a la discusión acerca del poder que ostentala prensa escrita en contextos de conflicto social.

Neste artigo, proceder para entregar os resultados de umainvestigação das imagens sociais produzidas pela imprensa em um contexto específico que corresponde à crise na Argentina em 2001, e, por sua vez, busca contribuir para a discussão empiricamente o poder que detém os meios de comunicaçãoem contextos de conflito social.

The most effective treatment in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure). The main drawback of CPAP is the discomfort and claustrophobic sensation that it causes, which elicits rejection or intolerance by some patients. A non-surgical alternative to CPAP is the mandibular advancement device (MAD), which consists of a plastic splint inserted between the dental arches to shift the jaw and tongue forward and thus increase airway volume. Objective: Report our experience with the treatment of SAHS using the Herbst mandibular advancement device. Material and method: A prospective follow-up study was carried out from June 2006 until January 2009 at the Virgen Macarena University Hospital with 7 patients with SAHS who refused treatment with CPAP and were treated with the mandibular advancement device. The outcome variables analyzed were: apnea-hypopnea disruptions per hour index, desaturations per hour index, subjective intensity of snoring, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Variables were evaluated pre-treatment and at least once 6 months after initiation MAD use. The Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to detect statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Results: A statistically significant reduction in the hourly indices of apnea-hypopnea disruptions (p<0.018) and desaturations (p<0.018) was observed, as well as a statistically nonsignificant reduction in snoring and sleepiness. Conclusions: Use of the Herbst mandibular advancement device in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who refuse CPAP may be helpful as it improves the clinical and functional parameters of the condition.

El tratamiento que ha demostrado mayor eficacia en los pacientes con síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño (SAHS) es la presión positiva continua de la vía aérea (CPAP). Los mayores inconvenientes son la incomodidad y la sensación de claustrofobia, que en algunos pacientes provoca rechazo o intolerancia. Una alternativa son los dispositivos de avance mandibular (DAM), que insertados en las arcadas dentarias producen el avance de la mandíbula y de la lengua, aumentando el volumen de la vía aérea. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento del SAHS mediante dispositivos de avance mandibular tipo Herbst. Metodología: Estudio de seguimiento prospectivo desde junio de 2006 hasta enero de 2009 de 7 pacientes del Área Hospitalaria Virgen Macarena con SAHS que rechazan el tratamiento con CPAP y a los que se ofrece tratamiento con DAM. Las variables analizadas son: índice de apneas-hipopneas por hora, índice de desaturaciones por hora, intensidad subjetiva del ronquido y el test de somnolencia de Epworth, antes del tratamiento y al menos 6 meses después desde el inicio de su uso. Utilizamos el test de Wilcoxon para detectar diferencias estadísticas significativas (p<0,05). Resultados: Se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa del índice de apneahipopneas por hora (p<0,018) y del índice de desaturaciones por hora (p<0,018), así como una reducción no significativa del ronquido y de la somnolencia. Conclusiones: El uso de DAM tipo Herbst en pacientes afectos de SAHS que rechazan el uso de la CPAP podría ser útil, mejorando clínica y funcionalmente su situación.