Abstract Bovine trypanosomosis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, is a disease that originated in Africa and currently affects cattle in several South American countries, including almost all Brazilian states. Despite the reports on T. vivax infection in southern Brazil, data on its circulation status is currently unavailable. In this study, we aimed to detect anti-Trypanosoma spp. IgG antibodies in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul and suggest areas with T. vivax transmission risk. A total of 691 serum samples from cattle in the intermediate regions of Rio Grande do Sul were analyzed using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The overall seroprevalence of anti-Trypanosoma antibodies in cattle was 24.6% (170/691). The detection rate ranged from 0-37.3%, with a high prevalence in the intermediate regions of Ijuí (37.3%), Uruguaiana (30.7%), and Passo Fundo (28.9%). Thus, these regions were suggested as possible bovine trypanosomosis risk areas due to the high seroprevalence. This is the first serological study to determine Trypanosoma spp. infection status in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul, providing data on the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in the state.

Resumo A tripanossomose bovina, causada por Trypanosoma vivax, é uma doença que teve origem na África, e atualmente, afeta bovinos em diversos países da América do Sul, incluindo quase todos os estados brasileiros. Apesar dos relatos de infecção por T. vivax, no sul do Brasil, dados sobre seu status de circulação não estão disponíveis atualmente. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi detectar anticorpos IgG anti-Trypanosoma spp. em bovinos do Rio Grande do Sul e sugerir possíveis áreas de risco de transmissão de T. vivax. Foi analisado um total de 691 amostras de soro de bovinos, das regiões intermediárias do Rio Grande do Sul, usando-se o ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA). A soroprevalência geral de anticorpos anti-Trypanosoma em bovinos foi de 24,6% (170/691). A taxa de detecção variou de 0 a 37,3%, com uma alta prevalência nas regiões intermediárias de Ijuí (37,3%), Uruguaiana (30,7%) e Passo Fundo (28,9%). Portanto, essas regiões foram sugeridas como possíveis áreas de risco para a tripanossomose bovina, devido à alta soroprevalência. Este é o primeiro estudo sorológico a determinar o status de infecção por Trypanosoma spp., em bovinos do Rio Grande do Sul, fornecendo dados sobre a epidemiologia da tripanossomose no estado.

Abstract Small producers in Ecuador, who are grouped within the typology of peasant family agriculture (PFA), represent 62% of the rural population and contribute to food security by producing basic foodstuffs for the family food basket. Typically, their production system is based on family labor. Their main crops are beans and corn, using the conventional tillage system (CT). Soil erosion is the most serious environmental problem in Ecuador, affecting approximately 50% of the cultivated area. An effective agronomic practice against erosion is no-tillage (NT) complemented with crop rotation (CR). Investments in soil conservation are generally high and not profitable in the short term, so it is a challenge to generate techniques that improve yields, reduce costs and produce benefits from their implementation, in order to motivate their adoption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bean-corn rotation, comparing NT with LC, at an early stage of its implementation through the benefit/cost ratio (B/C ratio) in the Experimental Field "La Tola" (CADET), in Tumbaco-Ecuador. The results show that the B/C ratio averages for beans were similar in both NT and LC systems; on the other hand, for corn, NT outperformed LC by an average of more than 50%, thus rejecting the hypothesis that NT would generate losses. In conclusion, NT is a profitable soil conservation alternative under the soil-climatic conditions studied.

Resumen Los pequeños productores del Ecuador, quienes se agrupan dentro de la tipología de agricultura familiar campesina (AFC), representan el 62 % de la población rural, contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria y producen para la canasta familiar los alimentos básicos. Típicamente, su sistema productivo se basa en el trabajo familiar. Sus principales cultivos son el fréjol y maíz, utilizando el sistema de labranza convencional (LC). Por otro lado, la erosión de los suelos es el problema ambiental más serio del Ecuador que afecta, aproximadamente, al 50 % del área cultivada. Una práctica agronómica efectiva contra la erosión es la siembra directa (SD) complementada con la rotación de cultivos (RC). Las inversiones en conservación de suelos, por lo general, son altas y no rentables a corto plazo, por lo que es un reto generar técnicas que mejoren el rendimiento, reduzcan costos y produzcan beneficios desde su implementación, para que motiven su adopción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la rotación fréjol-maíz, comparando SD con LC, en una etapa temprana de su implementación a través de la relación beneficio/costo (R B/C) en el Campo Experimental “La Tola” (CADET), en Tumbaco-Ecuador. Los resultados muestran que los promedios de la R B/C para fréjol fueron similares en los dos sistemas; en cambio, para maíz, SD superó a LC, en un promedio mayor al 50 %, por lo que se rechaza la hipótesis de que la SD generaría pérdidas. En conclusión, la SD es una alternativa de conservación de suelos rentable bajo las condiciones edafo-climáticas estudiadas.

El Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) causa enfermedad invasiva (EI). Se distinguen cepas capsuladas, como el serotipo b (Hib), y cepas no tipificables (HNT). Al año de declarada la pandemia por COVID-19, observamos un aumento de casos. Se describen las características clínico-epidemiológicas de niños con EI por Hi internados en el hospital (julio 2021-julio 2022). Hubo 14 casos; 12 previamente sanos. Aislamientos: Hib (n = 6), Hi serotipo a (n = 2), HNT (n = 5), 1 no se tipificó. Mediana de edad: 8,5 meses (RIC 4-21). Manifestaciones: meningitis (n = 5), neumonía (n = 6), celulitis (n = 2), artritis (n = 1). Nueve presentaron vacunación incompleta para Hib. Observamos un incremento de EI por Hi de 2,5 veces respecto a años previos. Estos datos sugieren el resurgimiento de Hib por la caída de las coberturas de vacunación y porque otras cepas de Hi no b están en aumento.

SUMMARY In forest conservation, especially in a changing climate, it is essential to understand the intraspecific variation of multiple functional traits in a species. Accordingly, the analysis of Nothofagus alessandrii, an endangered species from Chile, could play an important role as a basis for future conservation of genetic resources and restoration of its forests. This study aims to analyze the variation of this species, considering its spatial distribution, variation in ecological distribution, populations associated with forest typology, genecological differentiation, variation in growth, and genetic variation. The information analyzed shows that these forests cover 314 hectares in a very restricted area, with little variation in environmental conditions, only showing variation in sun exposure and in fertility of soils. Although there are no differentiated growth zones, there is evidence that growth can vary. Genetic studies have shown varying levels of genetic diversity and differences between populations. Habitat fragmentation is emerging as the main threat to the survival of the species, as it can cause genetic isolation, inbreeding depression, genetic drift, and loss of adaptive potential. Based on existing research and the analysis carried out, a second experimental phase is proposed in order to select populations capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions due to climate change. It is important to take into account the microbiome of this species and establish efficient conservation and restoration measures for its forests. In summary, the analysis of the variation of N. alessandrii is crucial for the conservation of this species in a changing climate.

RESUMEN En la conservación de los bosques, especialmente en un escenario de cambio climático, es fundamental conocer la variación intraespecífica de múltiples rasgos funcionales en una especie. En este sentido, es importante analizar Nothofagus alessandrii, una especie altamente amenazada en Chile, para servir como base en futuros programas de conservación de recursos genéticos y restauración de sus bosques. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la variación de esta especie, considerando su distribución espacial, variación en la distribución ecológica, poblaciones asociadas a la tipología forestal, diferenciación genecológica, variación en el crecimiento y variación genética. La información analizada muestra que estos bosques abarcan 314 hectáreas en un área muy restringida, con poca variación en las condiciones ambientales, solamente en exposiciones de umbría y en suelos de baja fertilidad. Aunque no existen zonas diferenciadas de crecimiento, hay evidencia de que este puede variar. Los estudios genéticos han demostrado niveles variables de diversidad genética y diferencias entre poblaciones. La fragmentación del hábitat se perfila como la principal amenaza para la supervivencia de la especie, ya que puede provocar aislamiento genético, depresión endogámica, deriva genética y pérdida de potencial de adaptación. A partir de la investigación existente y al análisis realizado, se propone una segunda fase experimental para seleccionar poblaciones capaces de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones ambientales, debido al cambio climático. Es importante tener en cuenta el microbioma de esta especie y establecer medidas eficientes de conservación y restauración de sus bosques. En resumen, el análisis de la variación de N. alessandrii es crucial para la conservación de esta especie en un escenario de cambio climático.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la combinación de dosis fija montelukast/desloratadina 10mg/5mg cápsula versus la combinación de montelukast/loratadina 10 mg/10 mg tableta en adultos con diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica persistente. Material y métodos: El presente fue un estudio clínico aleatorizado, controlado, doble ciego, prospectivo, longitudinal, multicéntrico, con brazos paralelos. Sujetos con diag nóstico de rinitis alérgica persistente que cumplieran criterios de elegibilidad y firmaran consentimiento informado fueron enrolados para recibir uno de los dos tratamientos cada 24 horas vía oral durante 6 semanas. La eficacia se estableció mediante la evaluación clínica a través de escalas clínicas validadas en idioma español, siendo la variable primaria de eficacia la diferencia de puntuación del cuestionario SNOT-20 al final del tratamiento, mientras que la frecuencia y características de los eventos adversos fue considerada la variable de seguridad. Resultados: Se aleatorizaron 86 pacientes, 74 de ellos fueron analizados por protocolo. Los cuestionarios sobre síntomas de la enfermedad e indicadores de calidad de vida con ambos tratamientos mostraron que más del 90% de los pacientes no presentaron síntomas o solo fueron leves al final del estudio, por lo que ambos tratamientos me joraron significativamente (p < 0.05) la sintomatología de la enfermedad. Los eventos adversos presentados fueron leves a moderados. Conclusiones: El presente estudio demostró que la eficacia de montelukast/deslora tadina 10 mg/5 mg no es inferior al medicamento comparador. Por tanto, el tratamiento de prueba representa una alternativa eficaz y segura para el tratamiento de segunda línea de la rinitis alérgica persistente en pacientes que las monoterapias o primeras líneas de tratamiento no ofrecen mejoría clínicamente relevante.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the fixed dose combination of montelukast/desloratadine 10 mg/5 mg capsule versus the combination of montelukast/loratadine 10 mg/10 mg tablet in adults diagnosed with persistent allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: The present study was a multicenter, controlled, prospective, longitudinal, randomized, double-blind clinical trial with parallel arms. Patients diagnosed with persistent allergic rhinitis who met eligibility criteria and signed informed consent were enrolled in the study to receive one of the two treatments every 24 hours orally for 6 weeks. Efficacy was established by clinical evaluation through clinical scales vali dated in Spanish, being the primary efficacy variable the difference in the score of the SNOT-20 (Sino-Nasal Outcome Test) questionnaire at the end of treatment; and the frequency and characteristics of adverse events were considered the safety variable. Results: 86 patients were randomized, 74 of which were analyzed per protocol. Ques tionnaires about the symptoms of the disease and quality of life indicators with both treatments showed that more than 90% of patients had mild symptoms or no symptoms at all at the end of the study. So, both treatments significantly improved (p < 0.05) the symptoms of the disease. Adverse events were mild to moderate. Conclusions: The present study showed that the efficacy of montelukast/desloratadine 10 mg/5 mg is not inferior to the comparator. Therefore, the study treatment represents an effective and safe alternative for the second-line treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis in patients in whom monotherapies or first-line treatments don’t offer clinically relevant improvement.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la combinación de dosis fija montelukast/desloratadina 10mg/5mg cápsula versus la combinación de montelukast/loratadina 10 mg/10 mg tableta en adultos con diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica persistente. Material y métodos: El presente fue un estudio clínico aleatorizado, controlado, doble ciego, prospectivo, longitudinal, multicéntrico, con brazos paralelos. Sujetos con diag nóstico de rinitis alérgica persistente que cumplieran criterios de elegibilidad y firmaran consentimiento informado fueron enrolados para recibir uno de los dos tratamientos cada 24 horas vía oral durante 6 semanas. La eficacia se estableció mediante la evaluación clínica a través de escalas clínicas validadas en idioma español, siendo la variable primaria de eficacia la diferencia de puntuación del cuestionario SNOT-20 al final del tratamiento, mientras que la frecuencia y características de los eventos adversos fue considerada la variable de seguridad. Resultados: Se aleatorizaron 86 pacientes, 74 de ellos fueron analizados por protocolo. Los cuestionarios sobre síntomas de la enfermedad e indicadores de calidad de vida con ambos tratamientos mostraron que más del 90% de los pacientes no presentaron síntomas o solo fueron leves al final del estudio, por lo que ambos tratamientos me joraron significativamente (p < 0.05) la sintomatología de la enfermedad. Los eventos adversos presentados fueron leves a moderados. Conclusiones: El presente estudio demostró que la eficacia de montelukast/deslora tadina 10mg/5mg no es inferior al medicamento comparador. Por tanto, el tratamiento de prueba representa una alternativa eficaz y segura para el tratamiento de segunda línea de la rinitis alérgica persistente en pacientes que las monoterapias o primeras líneas de tratamiento no ofrecen mejoría clínicamente relevante.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the fixed dose combination of montelukast/desloratadine 10 mg/5 mg capsule versus the combination of montelukast/loratadine 10 mg/10 mg tablet in adults diagnosed with persistent allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: The present study was a multicenter, controlled, prospective, longitudinal, randomized, double-blind clinical trial with parallel arms. Patients diagnosed with persistent allergic rhinitis who met eligibility criteria and signed informed consent were enrolled in the study to receive one of the two treatments every 24 hours orally for 6 weeks. Efficacy was established by clinical evaluation through clinical scales vali dated in Spanish, being the primary efficacy variable the difference in the score of the SNOT-20 (Sino-Nasal Outcome Test) questionnaire at the end of treatment; and the frequency and characteristics of adverse events were considered the safety variable. Results: 86 patients were randomized, 74 of which were analyzed per protocol. Ques tionnaires about the symptoms of the disease and quality of life indicators with both treatments showed that more than 90% of patients had mild symptoms or no symptoms at all at the end of the study. So, both treatments significantly improved (p < 0.05) the symptoms of the disease. Adverse events were mild to moderate. Conclusions: The present study showed that the efficacy of montelukast/desloratadine 10 mg/5 mg is not inferior to the comparator. Therefore, the study treatment represents an effective and safe alternative for the second-line treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis in patients in whom monotherapies or first-line treatments don’t offer clinically relevant improvement.

Resumen Entre las Nyctaginaceae, Mirabilis se caracteriza por tener inflorescencias cimosas e involucros de 5 brácteas connadas y acrescentes en fruto, subyacentes a 1-3 flores. Con 55-57 especies, es uno de los géneros más diversos dentro de la familia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la diversidad de Mirabilis en México, presentar el tratamiento taxonómico de las especies, una clave de identificación, datos de hábitat, fenología y mapas de distribución. Se presenta la sinonimia, se designa el lectotipo para Mirabilis aggregata, M. sanguinea y M. urbani. De acuerdo con los ejemplares de herbario estudiados y datos analizados, México es el país con mayor diversidad del género con 31 especies, de las cuales 14 son endémicas. Mirabilis glabrifolia, M. jalapa y M. viscosa tienen la mayor distribución, mientras que M. calophlebia, M. hintoniorum, M. nesomii y M. urbani son las más restringidas. La mayoría de las especies se encuentra en matorral xerófilo y bosque tropical caducifolio; en cuanto a provincias biogeográficas, se encuentran principalmente en el Altiplano Norte (Chihuahuense), Altiplano Sur y Costa del Pacífico. M. melanotrichia es la especie que se encuentra a mayor altitud.

Abstract Among the Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis is characterized by having cymose inflorescences and involucres of 5 connate bracts and acrescent in fruit, underlying 1-3 flowers. With 55-57 species, it is one of the most diverse genera in the family. The aim of this work is to analyze the diversity of Mirabilis in Mexico, presenting the taxonomic treatment of the species, an identification key, habitat and phenology data, and their distribution maps. Synonymy is presented and a lectotype for Mirabilis aggregata, M. sanguinea and M. urbani are designed. According to the studied specimens and data analyzed, Mexico is the country with the greatest diversity of the genus with 31 species, of which 14 are endemic. Mirabilis glabrifolia, M. jalapa and M. viscosa have the largest distribution, while M. calophlebia, M. hintoniorum, M. nesomii and M. urbani are the most restricted. Most species are found in xerophytic scrubland and tropical deciduous forest; at biogeographic provinces level, these are mainly found either the North Plateau (Chihuahuense), South unpland and Pacific Coast. M. melanotrichia is the species found at the highest altitude.

Resumen: Introducción: estudios previos han mostrado una mayor incidencia de todas las causas de hemorragia postparto durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El acretismo placentario es una causa frecuente de hemorragia postparto. Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en la severidad del choque hemorrágico y la cantidad de sangrado en mujeres con diagnóstico del espectro placenta previa-acretismo, antes de la pandemia y durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Material y métodos: en un estudio con cohortes comparativas de mujeres con placenta previa-acretismo, atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, durante el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019, grupo I (prepandemia), y de enero de 2020 a marzo de 2022, grupo II (pandemia), se comparó entre los grupos la cantidad de hemorragia y la clase del choque hemorrágico de acuerdo a ATLS. Resultados: se estudió a 277 mujeres, 211 fueron del grupo I (pre-COVID-19) y 66 del grupo II (COVID-19), se observó una mayor cantidad de sangrado durante la pandemia de COVID versus la fase pre-COVID (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL versus 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 mL) p = 0.001, existieron diferencias en las proporciones de la gravedad del choque hemorrágico en la fase de pandemia para las clases III y IV. Conclusión: se encontró un incremento en la cantidad de sangrado y gravedad del choque durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Abstract: Introduction: previous studies have shown an increased incidence of all-cause postpartum hemorrhage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Placental accreta is a frequent cause of hemorrhagic shock. Objective: determine the severity of shock and the amount of bleeding during the COVID-19 pandemic in women diagnosed with placenta previa and placental accreta. Material and methods: in a comparative cohort study of women with placenta previa and accreta treated at the National Institute of Perinatology during the period from January 2017 to December 2019 group I (pre-pandemic) and from January 2020 to March 2022 group II (pandemic) the amount of hemorrhage and the class of hemorrhagic shock according to ATLS were compared between the groups. Results: 277 women were studied, 211 were from group I (pre COVID-19) and 66 from group II (COVID-19). A greater amount of bleeding was observed during the COVID pandemic versus the pre COVID phase (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL vs 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 mL) p = 0.001, there were differences in the proportions of severity of hemorrhagic shock in the pandemic phase for classes III and IV. Conclusion: an increase in the amount of bleeding and severity of shock was found during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo: Introdução: estudos anteriores mostraram uma maior incidência de hemorragia pós-parto de todas as causas durante a pandemia de COVID-19. O acretismo placentário é uma causa frequente de hemorragia pós-parto. Objetivo: determinar as diferenças na gravidade do choque hemorrágico e na quantidade de sangramento em mulheres diagnosticadas com o espectro de placenta prévia-acretismo antes da pandemia e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Material e métodos: em um estudo de coorte comparativo de mulheres com placenta prévia e acreta tratadas no Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia durante o período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019, grupo I (pré-pandemia) e de janeiro de 2020 a março de 2022, grupo I II (pandemia) a quantidade de sangramento e a classe de choque hemorrágico de acordo com o ATLS foram comparadas entre os grupos. Resultados: foram estudadas 277 mulheres, 211 eram do grupo I (pré-COVID-19) e 66 do grupo II (COVID-19). Observou-se uma maior quantidade de sangramento durante a pandemia de COVID versus a fase pré-COVID (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL vs 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 ml) p = 0.001, houve diferenças nas proporções da gravidade do choque hemorrágico na fase pandêmica para as classes III e IV. Conclusão: um aumento na quantidade de sangramento e gravidade do choque foi encontrado durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la percepción y la satisfacción con la educación en modalidad virtual de los estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Enfermería de una institución de educación superior de carácter público de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, durante el segundo semestre de 2021. Metodología: Estudio analítico, transversal y cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 121 estudiantes, seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico, quienes respondieron un instrumento conformado por 24 preguntas . Resultados: Los encuestados fueron mayormente de sexo femenino (84.30 %), con media de edad de 29.2 años (DE: 8), de tercer año (55.37 %) y con hijos (44.63 %). Respecto a la percepción sobre la modalidad virtual se halló que las clases fueron consideradas como motivantes para el aprendizaje (66.94 %), los alumnos pudieron mantener la atención entre un 75-99 % del tiempo durante la clase (38.84 %), una baja cantidad pudo realizar todas las consultas al docente (16.52 %) y la mayoría sintió nerviosismo ante la evaluación remota al mismo nivel que su contraparte presencial (52.89 %). La satisfacción global con la modalidad fue puntuada con una media de 6.9 sobre 10 y el 75.20 % los encuestados desea continuar con clases virtuales . Conclusiones: La satisfacción fue caracterizada como media. Las variables que se relacionaron con una mayor satisfacción con la educación remota son la tenencia de hijos, la mayor edad, la creencia de que se hubiese aprendido más con clases presenciales, el tiempo que perciben que pueden mantener la atención en clases virtuales, la baja sensación de nerviosismo ante la evaluación virtual y la ausencia de dificultades para la conexión a las clases sincrónicas.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the perception and satisfaction with education in virtual modality of Nursing Bachelor’s degree students from a public higher education institution in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina during the second semester of 2021. Methods: Analytical, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. The sample consisted of 121 students, selected by non-probabilistic sampling, who answered an instrument made up of 24 questions. Results: The respondents were mostly female (84.30 %), with a mean age of 29.2 years (SD: 8), in their third year (55.37 %) and with children (44.63 %). Regarding the perception of the virtual modality, it was found that the classes were mostly considered as a motivating factor for learning (66.94 %), students were able to maintain their attention between 75-99 % of the time during the class (38.84 %), a low number were able to make all consultations with the teacher (16.52 %) and most of them felt nervousness before the remote evaluation at the same level as their face-to-face counterpart (52.89 %). Overall satisfaction with the modality was rated with an average of 6.9 out of 10 and 75.20 % of respondents would like to continue with virtual classes. Conclusions: Satisfaction was characterized as average. The variables that were associated with greater satisfaction with distance education are having children, older age, the belief that they would have learned more with face-to-face classes, the time they perceive they can maintain their attention in virtual classes, the low feeling of nervousness before the virtual evaluation, and the absence of difficulties in connecting to synchronous classes.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a percepção e a satisfação com a educação na modalidade virtual dos alunos da Licenciatura em Enfermagem de uma instituição pública de ensino superior da Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina durante o segundo semestre de 2021. Metodologia: Estudo analítico, transversal e quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por 121 alunos, selecionados por amostragem não probabilística, que responderam a um instrumento composto por 24 questões. Resultados: Os participantes eram maioritariamente do sexo feminino (84,30 %), com idade média de 29,2 anos (DP: 8), cursando o terceiro ano (55,37 %) e com filhos (44,63 %). Quanto à percepção sobre a modalidade virtual, constatou-se que as aulas foram consideradas em sua maioria com motivadoras para a aprendizagem (66,94 %), os alunos conseguiram manter a atenção entre 75- 99 % do tempo durante a aula (38,84 %), um baixo número conseguiu fazer todas as consultas ao professor (16,52 %) e a maioria se sentiu nervosa com a avaliação à distância no mesmo nível da presencial (52,89 %). A satisfação global com a modalidade foi pontuada com média de 6,9 sobre 10 e 75,20 % dos entrevistados desejam continuar com as aulas virtuais. Conclusões: A satisfação caracterizou-se como média. As variáveis que se relacionaram com a maior satisfação com o ensino a distância são ter filhos, a idade, a crença de que aprenderiam mais com as aulas presenciais, o tempo que percebem que conseguem manter a atenção nas aulas virtuais, a baixa sensação de nervosismo perante a avaliação virtual e a ausência de dificuldades para a conexão nas aulas síncronas.

ABSTRACT: Although yeast supplementation has shown an immunostimulant effect in feedlot cattle, the question remains whether it influences the occurrence of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) in feedlot cattle. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with autolyzed yeast affects the efficiency of blood phagocytes, reducing inflammation and the occurrence of BRD in feedlot cattle. A randomized experimental trial was conducted with whole steers with half Angus blood for 106 days: control (n=10): diet without yeast; Y4 (n=12): yeast diet (4g per animal per day); and Y7 (n=7): yeast diet (7g per animal per day). On Days 0, 14, 42, 70, and 105, blood count, leukocyte oxidative metabolism, serum haptoglobin, frequency of nasal secretion and orbital temperature were evaluated. On slaughter day, a lung evaluation was performed. On Days 42 and 70 of feedlot finishing, the treated animals showed increased leukocyte oxidative metabolism (D42 P=0.04; D70 P=0.02) compared to the control group. These animals had a lower frequency of mucopurulent nasal secretion, lower orbital temperature and reduced pneumonia occurrence than the treated groups (P=0.05) with less lung lesion severity (P=0.01), allowing us to infer that the autolyzed yeast improves blood phagocytic function and decreases the inflammation and BRD of feedlot steers, especially at a dose of 4g.

RESUMO: Embora a suplementação com leveduras tenha demonstrado efeito imunoestimulante em bovinos, permanece-se a dúvida se ela influencia na ocorrência do complexo doença respiratória bovina (CDRB) em bovinos confinados. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar se a suplementação dietética com levedura autolisada influencia a eficiência de fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB em bovinos confinados. Realizou-se um ensaio experimental randomizado com 36 novilhos inteiros 1/2 sangue Angus por 106 dias: controle (n=10): dieta sem levedura; Y4 (n=12): dieta com levedura (4g por animal por dia); e Y7 (n=7): dieta com levedura (7g por animal por dia). Nos dias 0, 14, 42, 70 e 105, hemograma, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos, haptoglobina sérica, frequência de secreção nasal e temperatura orbital foram avaliados. No dia do abate, foi realizada avaliação pulmonar. Nos dias 42, e 70 de terminação em confinamento, os animais tratados apresentaram aumento do metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos (D42 P=0,04; D70 P=0,02) em relação ao grupo controle. Esses animais apresentaram menor frequência de secreção nasal mucopurulenta, menor temperatura orbital, menor ocorrência de pneumonias (P=0,05) com menor gravidade das lesões pulmonares (P=0,01), permitindo inferir que a levedura autolisada na dieta melhorou a eficiência dos fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB, especialmente na dosagem de 4g.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate inflammatory response in critical bone injuries after implantation of the biomaterial composed of hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly (lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA)/BLEED. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats (280 ± 20 grams) were divided into two groups: control group (CG), in which the animals do not receive any type of treatment; and biomaterial group (BG), in which the animals received the HA/PLGA/BLEED scaffold. Critical bone injury was induced in the medial region of the skull calotte with the aid of a trephine drill 8 mm in diameter. The biomaterial was implanted in the form of 1.5-mm thick scaffolds. Serum and calotte were collected at one, three and seven days. Results: Biomaterial had a significant effect on the morphological structure of the bone, accelerating osteoblast activation within three days, without causing exacerbated systemic inflammation. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that BG induced upregulation of osteogenic genes such as runt-related transcription factor 2, and stimulated genes of inflammatory pathways such as tumor necrosis factor-α, on the first day without overexpressing genes related to bone matrix degradation, such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Conclusions: The HA/PLGA/BLEED® association can be used as a bone graft to aid bone repair, as it is capable of modulating expression of important genes at this stage of the repair process.

Abstract Domestic birds such as Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, Anser anser and Numida meleagris are widely distributed throughout the world and maintain contact with humans and other animal species considered reservoirs of both Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), including dogs and cats; wild canids, marsupials; and synanthropic animals such as rodents and chiroptera. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the presence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in birds from a rural area of the municipality of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. From May to December 2022, 262 blood samples were collected from 244 chickens, 8 turkeys, 7 guinea fowl and 3 geese, distributed in 27 rural properties in 6 districts. All the sites visited presented positive birds for the presence of Leishmania spp. Thus, it is inferred that, contact with this protozoan can induce the production of antibodies, suggesting that these animals can be used as sentinels for the circulation of this agent. In addition, the blood of these animals is a preferred food source for insects of the subfamily Phlebotominae, which can be used them as bioindicators of the presence of these phlebotomes.

Resumo Aves domésticas, como Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, Anser anser e Numida meleagris, são amplamente distribuídas pelo mundo e mantêm contato com humanos e outras espécies animais consideradas reservatórios tanto da Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) quanto da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA), incluindo-se cães e gatos, canídeos silvestres, marsupiais; e animais sinantrópicos, como roedores e quirópteros. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo detectar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. em aves de uma área rural do município de Santa Maria, sul do Brasil. De maio a dezembro de 2022, foram coletadas 262 amostras de sangue de 244 galinhas, 8 perus, 7 pintadas e 3 gansos, distribuídas em 27 propriedades rurais de 6 distritos. Todos os locais visitados apresentaram aves positivas para a presença de Leishmania spp. Assim, infere-se que o contato com esse protozoário pode induzir a produção de anticorpos, sugerindo que esses animais possam ser utilizados como sentinelas para a circulação desse agente. Além disso, o sangue desses animais é uma fonte de alimento preferencial para insetos da subfamília Phlebotominae, que podem ser utilizados como bioindicadores da presença desses flebotomíneos.

Abstract: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a well known material in dental prostheses and implants. It has been proven to have a desirable property for dental applications, because of its good aesthetics, biocompatibility, decreased water absorption, transparent and light-weight, and highly durable, among others. The major problem is the microbial adhesion to PMMA when it is in the oral cavity. Despite all these beneficial properties, it is still considered to have certain disadvantages that or drawbacks which could be substantially improved with the addition of different nanoparticles (NPs). In this systematic review, we studied extensively the use of various types of metal NPs (silver - Ag, and copper - Cu) as well as magnesium phosphate - MgP, and compared its effects with the PMMA alone. The research articles showed either a positive or an improved antimicrobial effects compared to conventional PMMA by experimental and non-clinical studies.

Resumen: El polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) es uno de los materiales más conocidos en la fabricación de prótesis e implantes dentales, con propiedades óptimas para su aplicación odontológica debido a las características favorecedoras como son: buena estética, biocompatibilidad, bajo nivel de absorción en agua, ser transparente, ligero y fuerte. Pese a todas estas beneficiosas propiedades, se considera que posee desventajas que se verían mejoradas con la adición de nanopartículas de distintos materiales. En la presente revisión sistemática, se identifica como problema principal la adhesión microbiana al PMMA cuando este se encuentra en cavidad oral. El objetivo se centró en comparar el uso de las nanopartículas (NPs) de diferentes metales (plata - Ag y cobre - Cu) así como de fosfato de magnesio - MgP, con el PMMA. Dentro de los principales resultados, la mayoría de los artículos mostraron efectos antimicrobianos positivos o mejorados en comparación con el PMMA convencional.

Resumen Esta investigación se enfoca en el estudio de las precipitaciones detonantes de procesos de remoción en masa (PRM), con el fin de proponer umbrales críticos que puedan ser empleados con fines de alerta temprana en las zonas con mayor recurrencia del Estado de México. Se generó un inventario de PRM para, una vez ubicados los eventos y seleccionados los pluviómetros, proceder a registrar los parámetros de lluvia a graficar (lluvia diaria y lluvia acumulada de 3 y 5 días, respectivamente). El inventario lo integraron un total de 140 PRM, concentrados en tres zonas principale del estado. Se propone un umbral mínimo uno máximo y uno intermedio, basados en los valores de la lluvia diaria y la acumulada de 3 días. Estos indican un rango de lluvia diaria de entre 52 y 105 milímetros capaces de detonar algún PRM, en condiciones de lluvia acumulada ausente. Por otro lado, se observa una tendencia en la cual, mientras mayores sean los valores de lluvia acumulada, menor será la cantidad de lluvia diaria necesaria para detonar un evento de este tipo.

Abstract This research focuses on the study of precipitation triggering mass movement processes (MMP) to propose critical thresholds for early warning purposes in areas with the highest recurrence in the State of Mexico. An inventory of MMP was generated so that, once the events were located and the rain gauges were selected, the rain parameters to be plotted were recorded (daily and three-day accumulated rainfall, respectively). The inventory resulted in spotting 140 landslides, concentrated in three main areas of the state. A minimum threshold, a maximum threshold, and an intermediate threshold are proposed, based on daily and three-day accumulated rainfall values. These indicate a daily rainfall range between 52 and 105 millimeters capable of triggering some MMP in conditions of absent accumulated rain. On the other hand, a trend is observed in which the higher the accumulated rainfall values are, the lower the amount of daily rainfall to trigger an event of this type will be needed.

Abstract Introduction: when peripheral tissues don't respond well to insulin action, it is defined as insulin resistance (IR). Many methods and indices are available for the estimation of IR, among them the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) involves fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Nevertheless, the TyG index has a methodological advantage over the HOMA-IR because it requires only measurements provided by routine laboratory tests. Aim: distribution asessment of the HOMA-IR and TyG indexes in the sample. Also, to determine the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR, using TyG cutoff point as IR-positive diagnostic test. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional analytical study with 1686 participants aged 18 to 21 years from the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Anthropometric assessment involves variables of weight and height. Fasting glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations were quantified. In addition, a questionnaire was carried out to know the hereditary family history and the presence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Student's t-test was used to assess the differences in mean statistics between males and females. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to examine the potential of HOMA-IR to identify IR. Results: 56 % of the study adolescents were females and 44 % were males; mean BMI was 22.62 ± 3.21 kg/m2. In the total sample mean serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were 89.48 ± 9.84 mg/dL, 6.26 ± 5.04 µu/mL, and 95.64 ± 55.78 mg/dL, respectively. A prevalence of 28.2 % of IR was determined, evaluated with the cut-off points for the TyG index. Subsequently, Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) were performed to evaluate the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR. The most outstanding cut-off value was 1.08 for the HOMA-IR index, reaching a sensitivity of 66 % and a specificity of 53 %. The prevalence of HOMA-IR greater than or equal to 1.18 was 47 % in the total population, 19.3 % in males and 28.5 % in females Conclusions: HOMA-IR and TyG can be useful diagnostic parameters for the assessment of IR in late adolescence. To provide a health guide for IR, we propose that a HOMA-IR target value ≤ 1.08 should be considered.

Resumen Introducción: cuando los tejidos periféricos tienen una incapacidad para responder a la acción de la insulina se denomina resistencia a la insulina (RI). Existen diferentes métodos para la identificación de la RI; uno de estos es el índice HOMA-IR, que utiliza los parámetros de laboratorio, glucosa e insulina en ayunas. El índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) presenta la ventaja de solo necesitar análisis de laboratorio de rutina. Objetivo: evaluación de la distribución de los índices HOMA-IR y TyG en la población, así como determinar la capacidad predictiva del índice HOMA-IR utilizando el TyG como prueba diagnóstica para la RI. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico transversal con 1686 participantes de 18 a 21 años del estado de San Luis Potosí. Se tomaron variables antropométricas de peso y talla y se cuantificó la concentración de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos en ayuno. Además, se realizó un cuestionario para conocer los antecedentes heredofamiliares y la presencia de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Para la comparación entre mujeres y hombres se realizó una prueba de la t de Student y se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para determinar los valores de corte del HOMA-IR. Resultados: el 56 % de la población fueron mujeres y el 44 % hombres; la media del IMC fue de 22,62 ± 3,21 kg/m2. En la población total de estudio, la media de la concentración sérica de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos fue de 89,48 ± 9,84 mg/dL, 6,26 ± 5,04 µu/mL y 95,64 ± 55,78 mg/dL, respectivamente. Se determinó una prevalencia del 28,2 % de la RI evaluada con los puntos de corte para el índice TyG. Posteriormente se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para evaluar la capacidad predictiva del HOMA-IR. El valor de corte más destacado fue de 1,08 para el índice HOMA-IR, alcanzando una sensibilidad del 66 % y una especificidad del 53 %. La prevalencia del HOMA-IR mayor o igual a 1,18 fue del 47 % en la población total, del 19,3 % en los hombres y del 28,5 % en las mujeres. Conclusiones: los índices HOMA-IR y TyG pueden ser parámetros de utilidad diagnóstica para la valoración de la RI en la adolescencia tardía. Con el objetivo de brindar una guía de salud para la RI, proponemos que se debe considerar como objetivo un valor de HOMA-IR ≤ 1,08.