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Abstract Background: Current South American populations trace their origins mainly to three continental ancestries, i.e. European, Amerindian and African. Individual variation in relative proportions of each of these ancestries may be confounded with socio-economic factors due to population stratification. Therefore, ancestry is a potential confounder variable that should be considered in epidemiologic studies and in public health plans. However, there are few studies that have assessed the ancestry of the current admixed Chilean population. This is partly due to the high cost of genome-scale technologies commonly used to estimate ancestry. In this study we have designed a small panel of SNPs to accurately assess ancestry in the largest sampling to date of the Chilean mestizo population (n = 3349) from eight cities. Our panel is also able to distinguish between the two main Amerindian components of Chileans: Aymara from the north and Mapuche from the south. Results: A panel of 150 ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) of SNP type was selected to maximize ancestry informativeness and genome coverage. Of these, 147 were successfully genotyped by KASPar assays in 2843 samples, with an average missing rate of 0.012, and a 0.95 concordance with microarray data. The ancestries estimated with the panel of AIMs had relative high correlations (0.88 for European, 0.91 for Amerindian, 0.70 for Aymara, and 0.68 for Mapuche components) with those obtained with AXIOM LAT1 array. The country's average ancestry was 0.53 ± 0.14 European, 0.04 ± 0.04 African, and 0.42 ± 0.14 Amerindian, disaggregated into 0.18 ± 0.15 Aymara and 0.25 ± 0.13 Mapuche. However, Mapuche ancestry was highest in the south (40.03%) and Aymara in the north (35.61%) as expected from the historical location of these ethnic groups. We make our results available through an online app and demonstrate how it can be used to adjust for ancestry when testing association between incidence of a disease and nongenetic risk factors. Conclusions: We have conducted the most extensive sampling, across many different cities, of current Chilean population. Ancestry varied significantly by latitude and human development. The panel of AIMs is available to the community for estimating ancestry at low cost in Chileans and other populations with similar ancestry.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-020-00284-5 473 downloads

Colombian adaptation of guidelines for the use of neurostimulation in the management of chronic pain and ischemia
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Griego, Juan Miguel

; Gómez, María Patricia

; Gomezese, Omar Fernando

; Cadavid, Adriana Margarita

; Yepes, Carlos Jaime

; Mayungo, Tatiana

; Acosta-Reyes, Jorge

; Meléndez, Héctor Julio

; López, José Julián

; Chaparro, Luis Enrique

; Cifuentes, Luis Fernand

Colombian Journal of Anestesiology

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Out 2016, Volume 44 Nº 4 Páginas 334 - 340

Resumo: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Introducción: El manejo del dolor crónico por medios convencionales a menudo es insuficiente, es por eso que con el mayor conocimiento de la neurobiología del dolor se han desarrollado nuevos tratamientos como la neuroestimulación espinal, con resultados óptimos a corto y largo plazo por parte de los médicos tratantes. Objetivos: Integrar y actualizar guías de práctica clínica sobre la efectividad y seguridad de la neuroestimulación espinal en el manejo del dolor crónico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de guías de práctica, revisiones sistemáticas y ensayos clínicos en las principales bases de datos (Cochrane, EMBASE, LILACS y MEDLINE) evaluando su calidad y grado de evidencia para proponer recomendaciones en el manejo de síndromes dolorosos crónicos, y en isquemia cardiaca y de miembros inferiores. Resultados: Se encontró evidencia suficiente para soportar el uso de la neuroestimulación espinal para el alivio del dolor que persiste después de cirugía de espalda y también para síndrome doloroso regional complejo. Se encontró evidencia en ascenso para el uso en angina de pecho refractaria y en extremidad inferior isquémica dolorosa. Conclusiones: La neuroestimulación es una técnica mínimamente invasiva útil para el manejo de dolor persistente posterior a cirugía de columna y para síndrome regional complejo.

Introduction: Management of chronic pain by conventional means is usually insufficient, but the enhanced knowledge of the neurobiology of pain has led to the development of new treatments like spinal neurostimulation, with optimal short- and long-term results. Objectives: To integrate and update clinical practice guidelines on the effectiveness and safety of spinal neurostimulation in the management of chronic pain. Materials and methods: Search of practice guidelines, systematic reviews and clinical trials in the main databases (Cochrane, EMBASE, LILACS and MEDLINE), and assessment of their quality and level of evidence in order to propose recommendations for the management of chronic painful syndromes and cardiac and lower-limb ischemia. Results: Suficient evidence was found to support the use of spinal neurostimulation for pain relief in cases of persistent pain after back surgery and also for complex regional pain syndrome. Growing evidence was found for the use of spinal neurostimulation in refractory angina pectoris and in painful ischemic lower limbs. Conclusions: Neurostimulation is a minimally invasive technique useful for the management of persistent pain after back surgery and for complex regional pain syndrome.

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Osteogenic molecules for clinical applications: improving the BMP-collagen system
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Arrabal, Pilar M

; Visser, Rick

; Santos-Ruiz, Leonor

; Becerra, José

; Cifuentes, Manuel

Biological Research

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2013, Volume 46 Nº 4 Páginas 421 - 429

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Among the osteogenic growth factors used for bone tissue engineering, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the most extensively studied for use in orthopaedic surgery. BMP-2 and BMP-7 have been widely investigated for developing therapeutic strategies and are the only two approved for use in several clinical applications. Due to the chemical and biological characteristics of these molecules, their authorised uses are always in combination with a carrier based on collagen type I. Although the use of these growth factors is considered safe in the short term, the very high doses needed to obtain significant osteoinduction make these treatments expensive and their long-term safety uncertain, since they are highly pleiotropic and have the capacity to induce ectopic ossification in the surrounding tissues. Therefore it is necessary to improve the currently used BMP-collagen system in terms of efficiency, biosecurity and costs. There are several strategies to increase the clinical effectiveness of these treatments. In this review we summarize the most promising results and our related work focused on this field through two different approaches: i) the development of recombinant BMPs with additional features, and ii) complementing these systems with other growth factors or molecules to enhance or accelerate osteogenesis

3445 downloads

Uma Interpretação Epistemológica do Processo de Modelagem Matemática: implicações para a matemática
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Cifuentes, José Carlos

; Negrelli, Leônia Gabardo

Bolema: Boletim de Educação Matemática

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Ago 2012, Volume 26 Nº 43 Páginas 791 - 815

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Neste artigo, discutimos aspectos epistemológicos do processo de modelagem matemática motivados por uma análise da componente 'realidade' nesse processo. Descrições do processo de modelagem matemática, inspiradas pela matemática aplicada como método científico de pesquisa, são apresentadas, focando nelas a realidade a ser modelada, o que nos conduz em seguida a um desdobramento dessa componente do processo e subsequente análise epistemológica, diferenciando, notoriamente, a realidade inicial de uma pseudo-realidade, sendo, esta última, o objeto do conhecimento. Isso nos leva a uma releitura do referido processo, fundamentada em concepções de filosofia da ciência como realismo, estruturalismo e empirismo, que logo é adaptada ao estudo de situações matemáticas consideradas como a realidade inicial a ser modelada, permitindo uma visão semi-empírica da matemática, cujas consequências para a Educação Matemática são evidenciadas.

In this paper we discuss epistemological aspects of the mathematical modeling process motivated by an analysis of the component 'reality' in this process. Descriptions of the mathematical modeling process inspired by the applied mathematics as scientific method of research are presented, focusing on the reality to be modeled, which leads us to a deeper analysis of this component of the process and subsequent epistemological analysis, differentiating the initial reality from a pseudo-reality, the latter being the object of the knowledge. This leads us to a re-reading of the above-mentioned process, based on conceptions of the philosophy of science such as realism, structuralism and empiricism, which is adapted to the study of mathematical situations considered as the initial reality to be modeled, allowing a semi-empirical vision of the mathematics whose consequences for Mathematics Education are discussed.

4641 downloads

Composición Corporal y Somatotipo en Futbol Femenino: Campeonato Sudamericano Sub-17
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Bahamondes Avila, Carlos

; Cifuentes Cea, Bernarda Macarena

; Lara Padilla, Eleazar

; Berral de la Rosa, Francisco José

International Journal of Morphology

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Jun 2012, Volume 30 Nº 2 Páginas 450 - 460

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

In order to analyze body composition and somatotype in women selected to participate in the national soccer teams, we studied 28 women, 19 selected from Columbia and 9 from Paraguay, with an average of 16.2 ± 0.66 years of age, participating in the South American Championship Sub 17 - Chile 2008, a qualifying event for the FIFA World Cup first category, New Zealand 2008. The evaluation followed the protocol established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry - ISAK. We determined the classification of total body mass in five types according to Kerr. To establish the somatotype the model proposed by Heath & Carter was used. Regarding body mass, the average kg and% of MA, MM and MO was 18.56 kg-33.28%; 21.80 kg-39.31%; 6.20 kg-11.18%. The classification of somatotype was endomorph-mesomorph, where there is an equal dominance of adiposity and muscularity on the relative linearity. The SDD of SM indicates no significant differences (p<0.05) exists among the different positions of the players, and the SDI suggests that the total group of evaluated players is homogeneous.

Con el objetivo de analizar la composición corporal y el somatotipo en seleccionadas nacionales de futbol femenino, se han estudiado 28 mujeres, 19 seleccionadas de Colombia y 9 de Paraguay, de 16,2 ± 0,66 años de edad, participantes en el Campeonato Sudamericano Sub 17 Chile 2008, clasificatorio para la primera Copa Mundial FIFA de la categoría, Nueva Zelanda 2008. Para la evaluación se siguió el protocolo establecido por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometria ISAK. Se determinó el fraccionamiento del peso corporal total en cinco masas según Kerr. Para establecer el somatotipo se utilizó el modelo propuesto por Heath & Carter. Respecto a las masas corporales, el promedio de los kg y % de MA, MM y MO fue de 18,56 kg-33,28%; 21,80 kg-39,31%; 6,20 kg-11,18%. La clasificación del somatotipo es de endomorfo-mesomorfo, en el cual hay una dominancia equilibrada de adiposidad y muscularidad sobre la linealidad relativa. Los SDD del SM indican que no existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre los diferentes puestos de juego, y el SDI sugiere que el grupo total de evaluadas es homogéneo.

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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR PRODUCING BIODIESEL
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CABRERA CIFUENTES, GERARDO

; BURBANO JARAMILLO, JUAN CARLOS

; GARCIA MELO, JOSÉ ISIDRO

DYNA

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Dez 2011, Volume 78 Nº 170 Páginas 144 - 151

Resumo: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Considerando que el biodiesel se está convirtiendo en una solución viable para algunos problemas energéticos y medioambientales, la investigación de materias primas para su producción es un tema de creciente interés. Este estudio presenta los resultados de una investigación dedicada al análisis preliminar de varias especies vegetales (biomasa), potencialmente útiles para producir biodiesel. La zona de bioprospección es una región de la costa pacifica colombiana. Las especies promisorias recolectadas fueron sometidas a diferentes pruebas normalizadas ASTM para definir propiedades que faciliten su evaluación. Algunas de las especies fueron sometidas a un proceso de transesterificación. Adicionalmente, se realiza una comparación entre las propiedades termo-físicas de los biodiesel y las propiedades del diesel comercial. Las pruebas de rendimiento de estos biocombustibles en los motores de encendido por compresión, particularmente la eficiencia, el consumo y la potencia a diferentes RPM del motor, se presentan en este trabajo.

Given that biodiesel is emerging as a viable solution for some energy and environmental problems, research on raw materials appropriate for its production is a matter of growing interest. In this study we present the results of research devoted to preliminary analysis on several vegetable (biomass) species potentially useful for producing biodiesel. The bioprospection zone is a region on the Colombian Pacific coast. The candidate species collected underwent different standardized ASTM tests in order for us to define properties that facilitate their evaluation. Some of the species underwent a transesterification process. Comparisons between the thermo-physical properties of the biofuels obtained and the properties of commercial diesel were carried out. Also, performance tests for these biofuels were conducted in compression ignition engines, particularly evaluating efficiency, fuel consumption, and potency at different RPMs.

1534 downloads

O "salto arquimediano": um processo de ruptura epistemológica no pensamento matemático
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Cifuentes, José Carlos

Scientiae Studia

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2011, Volume 9 Nº 3 Páginas 645 - 667

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Neste artigo introduzimos o conceito de "salto arquimediano" como um processo de argumentação não dedutiva em matemática que produz uma ruptura epistemológica na direção de dar objetividade a certos fatos matemáticos. Discute-se, também, o caráter qualitativo do salto arquimediano ressaltando sua função hermenêutica no pensamento matemático e sua relação com um conhecimento estético na matemática. São exemplos de rupturas epistemológicas produzidas por um salto arquimediano, dentre outros, os seguintes: (1) a propriedade arquimediana da reta real, que estrutura a reta euclidiana através do sistema de números reais; (2) o princípio de indução completa da teoria dos números naturais, que modela a nossa intuição sobre os processos recursivos; (3) a passagem do infinito potencial ao infinito atual, que permite dar conteúdo objetivo à teoria dos conjuntos infinitos e das cardinalidades.

In this paper we introduce the concept of "archimedian leap" as a non deductive argumentation process in mathematics which produces an epistemological rupture in the direction of giving objectivity to certain mathematical facts. We also discuss the qualitative character of archimedian leap emphasizing its hermeneutical function in mathematical thought and its relation with an aesthetical knowledge in mathematics. Some examples of epistemological ruptures produced by an archimedian leap, among others, are the following: (1) the archimedian property of the real line, which structures the Euclidean line through the real number system; (2) the complete induction principle of the theory of natural numbers, which models our intuition about recursive processes; (3) the passage of potential infinite to actual infinite, which permits giving an objective content to the theory of infinite sets and cardinalities.

6165 downloads

Neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica: un problema de salud pública
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Cifuentes, Yolanda

; Robayo, Carlos José

; Ostos, Olga Lucía

; Muñoz Molina, Liliana

; Hernández Barbosa, Rubinsten

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico - Farmacéuticas

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Jun 2008, Volume 37 Nº 2 Páginas 150 - 163

Resumo: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Se definen como infecciones nosocomiales aquellas que ocurren después de 48 horas de hospitalización. Las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) neonatales, pediátricas y de adultos son las áreas de mayor prevalencia debido al perfil del paciente, a las terapias y a los múltiples procedimientos invasivos a los que se ven sometidos quienes ingresan en ellas. De las infecciones intrahospitalarias, una de las más conocidas y caracterizadas es la neumonía, la cual representa la segunda causa más común de infección nosocomial, con aumento en la morbi-mortalidad cuando se encuentra asociada a ventilación mecánica. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar aspectos generales sobre la neumonía nosocomial, particularmente la asociada a la ventilación mecánica, sus factores de riesgo, la patogénesis, los criterios para el diagnóstico y las técnicas empleadas para la toma de muestras.

Nosocomial infections are those which occur 48 hours after a person is being hospitalized. The Intensive Care Units (IUC) in newborns, pediatric, and adults are the most prevalent areas to get an intra hospital infection. This is due to the patient´s profile, therapies and invasive procedures that patients have to go through. Pneumonia is one of the most known and characterized hospital infections. It represents the second cause of nosocomial infection which increases morbid-mortality when it is associated to mechanical ventilation. The goal of this article is to show general aspects of pneumonia nosocomial; in particular those aspects associated with mechanical ventilation, the risks, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and different techniques used to take samples.

3678 downloads Citado 5 vezes em SciELO

Evaluación de la producción potencial de frutos de Gevuina avellana, durante una temporada (1999-2000) en el secano costero de la VII Región
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DOLL, URSULA

; SAN MARTIN, JOSE

; RAVANAL, CARLOS

; CIFUENTES, SANDRA

; MUÑOZ, MONICA

Bosque (Valdivia)

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Dez 2005, Volume 26 Nº 3 Páginas 87 - 96

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Gevuina avellana Mol., belongs to a monospecific genera of the Proteaceae family, which is endemic to Chile and Argentina. This evergreen Chilean tree is a component of different native habitats from the Andes and the Coastal mountains, between the VII and the X Region. This species has a wide range of uses, the most outstanding of which is its production of edible nuts. Traditionally the Chilean hazelnuts were collected from the native forest and marketed locally. Their excellent properties converted them into a fruit-species with great economic potential. In order to respond to quantity and quality demands of the chocolate industry, the potential production of Chilean hazelnuts was studied in the coastal dryland in the VII Region, using traps to collect samples. Based on their dimensions, insertion into the surrounding vegetation, and anthropic management, five tree types were defined. The greatest productivity was found on isolated trees surrounded by periodically fertilized and irrigated crops, with a production of nearly 14 kg/tree. This indicated the possibility of incorporating avellana into silvoagricultural management. Nut drop is concentrated in a period of 5 to 6 weeks, with the possibility of scheduling the harvest to minimize production and quality losses. It was observed that marked flower clusters need 8 months between the formation and ripening of nuts, with 1.6 to 4.7 % of fruit set depending on the tree type.

Gevuina avellana Mol., Proteaceae, es una especie de un género monoespecífico, endémica de Chile y Argentina. Con hábito arbóreo siempreverde, forma parte de los bosques nativos de ambas cordilleras de Chile, entre las VII y X Regiones. Dentro de las amplias posibilidades de usos de la especie, se destaca su producción de frutos comestibles o "avellanas", las cuales se colectan y comercializan a nivel local. Sus excelentes propiedades comestibles la posicionan como un gran potencial frutícola y económico. Para responder a exigencias de cantidad y calidad para la industria de chocolatería, se estudió la producción potencial de frutos de avellanas en una localidad del secano costero de la VII Región, utilizando un sistema de muestreo por trampas. En base a su tamaño, inserción en la vegetación circundante y manejo antrópico, se definieron cinco tipos de árboles de avellanos. La mayor productividad se registró en árboles aislados y rodeados de cultivos suplementados con riego y fertilizaciones periódicas, con un promedio aproximado de 14 kg/árbol. Este hecho sugiere la posibilidad de incorporarlo a sistemas de manejos silvoagrícolas. Se observó que la caída de frutos se concentra en un período de 5 a 6 semanas, permitiendo una programación de la cosecha con el fin de minimizar pérdidas y mermas de calidad. Se siguió el desarrollo de frutos en racimos marcados, observando que entre la aparición de los primeros frutos hasta su maduración transcurren 8 meses, con un porcentaje de cuaje que varía entre 1,6 y 4,7% en los distintos tipos de árboles de avellanos.

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