Resumen La injusticia ambiental trastoca los derechos humanos de las poblaciones. Este artículo se centra en el estado de Jalisco, México, territorio en el que se registraron el 70 % de las violaciones a los derechos humanos en materia ambiental entre 2016 y 2019. El objetivo es analizar las recomendaciones emitidas por la Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos de Jalisco en términos de violación de los derechos a un medioambiente sano, desde el 2000 al 2022. Para ello, se realizó un análisis cualitativo a través de datos hemerográficos de esta institución, los cuales se sistematizaron en categorías analíticas según el tipo de injusticia ambiental. Aunado a esto, se presentaron tres casos emblemáticos de violación a los derechos humanos en la materia. Los hallazgos muestran que las recomendaciones se vinculan con situaciones de contaminación de los cuerpos de agua y con la falta de suministro y su privatización; con la pérdida de la biodiversidad o con afectaciones a esta; y con el mal manejo de los residuos sólidos urbanos. Estos problemas se dan particularmente a través de procesos de distribución desigual de los impactos ambientales y de la exclusión de las personas afectadas en la toma de decisiones. Los resultados evidencian el lento proceso de reconocimiento a nivel institucional para señalar la transgresión al derecho a tener un ambiente sano en Jalisco.

Abstract Environmental injustice disrupts the human rights of populations. This article focuses on the state of Jalisco, Mexico, a territory in which 70% of human rights violations were recorded in environmental matters between 2016 and 2019. The objective is to analyze the recommendations issued by the Jalisco State Human Rights Commission in terms of violation of the rights to a healthy environment from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, a qualitative analysis was carried out through newspaper data from this institution, which were systematized in analytical categories according to types of environmental injustice. In addition, three emblematic cases of human rights violations in this area were presented. The findings show that recommendations are linked to situations of contamination of water bodies, lack of water supply, and water privatization; with the loss of biodiversity or with related affectations; and with the poor management of urban solid waste. These problems occur particularly through processes of unequal distribution of environmental impacts and the exclusion of affected people from decision-making. The results show the slow process of recognition at the institutional level to point out the transgression of the right to a healthy environment in Jalisco.

Resumo Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, a saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde, que trabalharam diretamente nos serviços voltados para o cuidado dos pacientes afetados pela doença, tornou-se questão fundamental a ser considerada, dado os diversos desdobramentos que essa atuação gerou para esses profissionais. O objetivo deste artigo foi compreender desafios e demandas dos profissionais de saúde em termos de suporte para lidar com o desgaste emocional e físico com a atuação na chamada linha de frente durante a pandemia de COVID-19. A abordagem metodológica qualitativa se deu a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em ambiente online com esses profissionais, passados os primeiros meses de pandemia. O lugar de herói em que eles foram colocados, ainda que apenas nos discursos midiáticos, logo deu espaço para que as fragilidades destes e das relações de trabalho aparecessem: estresse, medo e o desejo de escuta e acolhimento. A teoria da dádiva de Marcel Mauss foi trazida considerando que novas formas de leitura e interpretação das relações de trabalho em saúde contribuem para reformulações necessárias e urgentes do contexto em que se encontram hoje, visando a saúde mental e, mais amplamente, a saúde integral dos profissionais da área de saúde.

Abstract The mental health of health professionals who worked directly in services during the COVID-19 pandemic to care for patients affected by the disease became a fundamental issue to be considered, given the several consequences of this activity for these professionals. This article aimed to understand the challenges and demands of health professionals concerning support to address the emotional and physical exhaustion of working on the so-called frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative methodological approach was based on semi-structured interviews conducted online with these professionals after the first months of the pandemic. The hero’s place in which they were set, even if only in media discourses, soon gave way to their weaknesses and fragile work relationships to emerge: stress, fear, and the listening and reception desire. Marcel Mauss’ gift theory was brought up considering that new ways of reading and interpreting health work relationships contribute to necessary and urgent reformulations of their current context, targeting mental health and, more broadly, the comprehensive health of healthcare professionals.

Abstract The mental health of health professionals who worked directly in services during the COVID-19 pandemic to care for patients affected by the disease became a fundamental issue to be considered, given the several consequences of this activity for these professionals. This article aimed to understand the challenges and demands of health professionals concerning support to address the emotional and physical exhaustion of working on the so-called frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative methodological approach was based on semi-structured interviews conducted online with these professionals after the first months of the pandemic. The hero’s place in which they were set, even if only in media discourses, soon gave way to their weaknesses and fragile work relationships to emerge: stress, fear, and the listening and reception desire. Marcel Mauss’ gift theory was brought up considering that new ways of reading and interpreting health work relationships contribute to necessary and urgent reformulations of their current context, targeting mental health and, more broadly, the comprehensive health of healthcare professionals.

Resumo Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, a saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde, que trabalharam diretamente nos serviços voltados para o cuidado dos pacientes afetados pela doença, tornou-se questão fundamental a ser considerada, dado os diversos desdobramentos que essa atuação gerou para esses profissionais. O objetivo deste artigo foi compreender desafios e demandas dos profissionais de saúde em termos de suporte para lidar com o desgaste emocional e físico com a atuação na chamada linha de frente durante a pandemia de COVID-19. A abordagem metodológica qualitativa se deu a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em ambiente online com esses profissionais, passados os primeiros meses de pandemia. O lugar de herói em que eles foram colocados, ainda que apenas nos discursos midiáticos, logo deu espaço para que as fragilidades destes e das relações de trabalho aparecessem: estresse, medo e o desejo de escuta e acolhimento. A teoria da dádiva de Marcel Mauss foi trazida considerando que novas formas de leitura e interpretação das relações de trabalho em saúde contribuem para reformulações necessárias e urgentes do contexto em que se encontram hoje, visando a saúde mental e, mais amplamente, a saúde integral dos profissionais da área de saúde.

Resumo Compreendendo que o racismo integra a realidade brasileira constituindo um determinante social do processo saúde-doença, este artigo procura refletir acerca dos efeitos do racismo na subjetividade e sobre o cuidado ofertado às mulheres negras. As reflexões derivam de uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando o método biográfico, em que mulheres negras narraram suas vidas e suas experiências com o racismo. As narrativas visibilizam os efeitos negativos das vivências sistemáticas do racismo estrutural nas imagens sobre si das mulheres ouvidas e a falta e/ou pouca efetivação das políticas públicas existentes de saúde integral para transformar o status quo.

Abstract Understanding racism as an integral part of Brazilian reality, constituting a social determinant of the health-disease process, this article seeks to reflect on the impacts of racism on subjectivity and contemplate the health care offered to black women. The reflections derive from a qualitative study using the biographical method, in which black women provided a narrative of their lives and experiences with racism. The narratives give visibility to the negative effects of living systematically under structural racism in the self-images of the interviewed women, as well as the lack of and/or poor effectiveness of public policies of integral health care to transform the status quo.

Resumo Compreendendo que o racismo integra a realidade brasileira constituindo um determinante social do processo saúde-doença, este artigo procura refletir acerca dos efeitos do racismo na subjetividade e sobre o cuidado ofertado às mulheres negras. As reflexões derivam de uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando o método biográfico, em que mulheres negras narraram suas vidas e suas experiências com o racismo. As narrativas visibilizam os efeitos negativos das vivências sistemáticas do racismo estrutural nas imagens sobre si das mulheres ouvidas e a falta e/ou pouca efetivação das políticas públicas existentes de saúde integral para transformar o status quo. saúdedoença, saúdedoença doença, doença saúde-doença qualitativa biográfico eou ou quo

Abstract Understanding racism as an integral part of Brazilian reality, constituting a social determinant of the health-disease process, this article seeks to reflect on the impacts of racism on subjectivity and contemplate the health care offered to black women. The reflections derive from a qualitative study using the biographical method, in which black women provided a narrative of their lives and experiences with racism. The narratives give visibility to the negative effects of living systematically under structural racism in the self-images of the interviewed women, as well as the lack of and/or poor effectiveness of public policies of integral health care to transform the status quo. reality healthdisease disease process method selfimages self images andor or quo

Resumen: Introducción: la enfermedad de Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) es un trastorno hereditario, que predispone al desarrollo de una variedad de tumores que afectan principalmente el sistema nervioso central, riñón y páncreas. Debido a su posibilidad de desarrollar carcinoma de células renales y tener consecuencias clínicas en páncreas es necesaria su vigilancia por imagenología para identificar de forma oportuna estas manifestaciones. Caso clínico: mujer de 23 años, con diagnóstico reciente de enfermedad de VHL y evidencia de hemangioblastoma en cerebelo que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico, acude asintomática para realización de resonancia magnética de abdomen como parte de sus estudios de tamizaje. Conclusión: los estudios de imagenología son necesarios en los pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad de VHL, para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno de las posibles afectaciones en los órganos más frecuentemente relacionados con la enfermedad.

Abstract: Introduction: Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is an inherited disorder that predisposes the development of various tumors that mainly affect the central nervous system, kidney, and pancreas. Due to its possibility of developing renal cell carcinoma and having clinical consequences in the pancreas, imaging surveillance is necessary to identify these manifestations promptly. Clinical case: a 23-year-old female patient, recently diagnosed with VHL disease and evidence of hemangioblastoma in the cerebellum that required surgical treatment, presented asymptomatically for an abdominal MRI as part of her screening studies. Conclusion: imaging studies are necessary for patients diagnosed with VHL to make a timely diagnosis of the possible affectations in the organs most frequently related to the disease.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the perception and intention to practice breastfeeding (BF) in adolescents of both genders who have not yet been parents. Material and Methods: This was a qualitative study based on grounded theory with empirical saturation. Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with students between 15 and 18 years of age in preparatory schools in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Results: Four patterns on the perception and intention of practicing breastfeeding were identified: traditional; undecided; rejection; and egalitarian. Conclusions: The intention to support or practice BF is related to gender identities and the project of having children and / or a personal- labor development project. There is convergence between different perceptions and intentions to practice BF in the future, which aims to review policies in this area.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la percepción e intención de práctica de la lactancia materna (LM) en adolescentes de ambos sexos que aún no han sido padres. Material y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio cualitativo basado en la teoría fundamentada y siguiendo el criterio de la saturación empírica. Se realizaron 21 entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes entre 15 y 18 años de edad en preparatorias de la ciudad de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro patrones sobre la percepción e intención de practicar la LM: tradicional; indecisa; rechazo; e igualitarista. Conclusiones: La intención de apoyar o practicar la LM se relaciona a identidades de género y al proyecto de tener hijos y/o un proyecto de desarrollo personal-laboral. Existe convergencia entre distintas percepciones e intenciones de practicar la LM en el futuro, lo cual apunta a revisar las políticas en la materia.

RESUMO Este ensaio reflete sobre o desmonte de uma Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) abrangente como etapa fundamental à desdemocratização que avança a passos largos no Brasil e no mundo nos últimos anos, sendo condição de possibilidade da consolidação de uma necropolítica neoliberal que busca se institucionalizar e silenciar quaisquer potências de vida. Ao mesmo tempo, este texto reafirma também que é por meio mesmo da APS que se pode inflexionar o timão – alterando a rota da barbárie para a qual se navega – em direção à utopia inspiradora do Sistema Único de Saúde e ao seu projeto civilizatório solidário e cidadão. Considerados os atributos e as diretrizes que fundam e organizam a APS brasileira e a concertação de vozes que enseja, esta reflexão propõe, por fim, que seja ali uma trincheira estratégica na luta para investir em uma sociedade efetivamente democrática, em que todos se reconheçam e afirmem como sujeitos políticos e de direitos em defesa da vida.

ABSTRACT This essay reflects on the dismantling of a comprehensive Primary Health Care (PHC) as a fundamental step in the de-democratization that has advanced in large steps both in Brazil and in the world in recent years. It asserts that this process is one of the conditions for the consolidation of a neoliberal necropolitics that seeks to institutionalize and silence any life potencies. At the same time, this text also reaffirms that it is through PHC itself that the helm can be inflected – altering the barbarism route to which we navigate – towards the inspiring utopia of the Unified Health System (SUS) and its solidary and citizen civilization project. Considering the attributes and guidelines that found and organize the Brazilian PHC and the concertation of voices that it entails, this reflection proposes, lastly, that PHC can be a strategic trench in the struggle to invest in an effectively democratic society, in which everyone recognizes and affirms themselves as political subjects, subjects who have rights, in defense of life.

ABSTRACT This essay reflects on the dismantling of a comprehensive Primary Health Care (PHC) as a fundamental step in the de-democratization that has advanced in large steps both in Brazil and in the world in recent years. It asserts that this process is one of the conditions for the consolidation of a neoliberal necropolitics that seeks to institutionalize and silence any life potencies. At the same time, this text also reaffirms that it is through PHC itself that the helm can be inflected – altering the barbarism route to which we navigate – towards the inspiring utopia of the Unified Health System (SUS) and its solidary and citizen civilization project. Considering the attributes and guidelines that found and organize the Brazilian PHC and the concertation of voices that it entails, this reflection proposes, lastly, that PHC can be a strategic trench in the struggle to invest in an effectively democratic society, in which everyone recognizes and affirms themselves as political subjects, subjects who have rights, in defense of life.

RESUMO Este ensaio reflete sobre o desmonte de uma Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) abrangente como etapa fundamental à desdemocratização que avança a passos largos no Brasil e no mundo nos últimos anos, sendo condição de possibilidade da consolidação de uma necropolítica neoliberal que busca se institucionalizar e silenciar quaisquer potências de vida. Ao mesmo tempo, este texto reafirma também que é por meio mesmo da APS que se pode inflexionar o timão – alterando a rota da barbárie para a qual se navega – em direção à utopia inspiradora do Sistema Único de Saúde e ao seu projeto civilizatório solidário e cidadão. Considerados os atributos e as diretrizes que fundam e organizam a APS brasileira e a concertação de vozes que enseja, esta reflexão propõe, por fim, que seja ali uma trincheira estratégica na luta para investir em uma sociedade efetivamente democrática, em que todos se reconheçam e afirmem como sujeitos políticos e de direitos em defesa da vida.

Abstract The present study evaluated the actual rotational speed of three different endodontic motors compared to the values provided by the manufacturers. A total of three endodontic motors (X-Smart Plus, VDW.Silver, and iRoot) were tested at 400 rpm and 800 rpm and 2 N/cm2 torque. The kinematics of the devices was recorded by using a custom angle-measuring disc with a 50-mm diameter attached to the handpiece provided by the manufacturer, whereas their movement was captured by a high-speed camera at 2,400 frames per second, 800 x 800 pixel-resolution and distance of 0.3 m from the target object. Statistical analysis was performed at a significance level of 5%. At 400 rpm, the iRoot motor had a value of 17.94 rpm above that indicated by the manufacturer, which was significantly different from those of X-Smart Plus (5.20 rpm below that indicated by the manufacturer) and VDW.Silver (0.62 rpm above that indicated by the manufacturer) motors (P < 0.05). At 800 rpm, the iRoot motor had a value of 51.34 rpm below that indicated by the manufacturer, whereas the X-Smart Plus motor had a value of 13.00 rpm below that indicated by the manufacturer (P > 0.05). The VDW.Silver motor statistically differed from the iRoot and X-Smart Plus ones, showing a value of 1.68 rpm above that indicated by the manufacturer. In conclusion, the X-Smart Plus, VDW.Silver, and iRoot motors showed lower variations in the rotational speed values compared to those reported by their manufacturers. The endodontic motors presented different behaviors between them, with the VDW.Silver motor presents the most accurate values and the iRoot presents the most divergent values.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a real velocidade rotacional de três diferentes motores endodônticos comparados aos valores fornecidos pelos fabricantes. Um total de três motores endodônticos (X-Smart Plus, VDW.Silver e iRoot) foram testados a 400 rpm e 800 rpm e torque de 2 N/cm2. A cinemática dos dispositivos foi verificada utilizando-se um disco customizado de 50 mm de diâmetro acoplado ao contra ângulo fornecido pelo fabricante e o movimento foi capturado através de uma câmera ajustada em 2400 quadros por segundo com resolução de 800 x 800 pixels distante 0,3 m do objeto alvo. A análise estatística foi realizada com nível de significância de 5%. A 400 rpm, o motor iRoot apresentou 17,94 rpm acima do indicado pelo fabricante, sendo o valor significativamente diferente do X-Smart Plus (5,20 rpm abaixo do indicado pelo fabricante) e VDW.Silver (0.62 rpm acima do indicado pelo fabricante) (P > 0,05). A 800 rpm, iRoot apresentou 51.34 rpm abaixo do indicado pelo fabricante e X-Smart Plus 13,00 rpm abaixo do indicado pelo fabricante (P > 0,05). VDW.Silver foi estatisticamente diferente de iRoot e X-Smart Plus, apresentando 1,68 rpm acima do indicado pelo fabricante. Concluiu-se que os motores X-Smart Plus, VDW.Silver e iRoot apresentaram baixa variação na velocidade rotacional quando comparada ao fornecido pelo fabricante. Os motores endodônticos apresentaram diferentes comportamentos entre eles, sendo que o motor VDW.Silver apresentou valores mais acurados enquanto o iRoot foi o mais divergente.

SUMMARY Friedreich Ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease with multisystemic involvement. This update of epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinico-therapeutic aspects of FA, includes a systematic review of cases in Latin America. The estimated FA prevalence in Caucasian populations is between 2 to 5 cases per 100 000. In Latin America, 1481 cases have been published in 35 articles from six different countries. Caused by an abnormally repeated expansion of GAA trinucleotide inside the FXN gene, FA’s etiopathogenesis is associated with reduced levels of the frataxin protein, which disturb the energy metabolism and result in mitochondrial iron accumulation. The classic phenotype usually shows symptoms before the age of 25, although there are others with a later onset. The main symptoms of AF are progressive ataxia, sensory disturbances, areflexia, dysarthria, and oculomotor alterations, in addition to cardiac, endocrine, and musculoskeletal compromise. Diagnostic workup requires a detailed neurological examination, neuroconduction studies, neuroimaging, and biochemical tests. The definitive diagnosis is provided by genetic testing showing biallelic variants within the FXN gene. The management is multidisciplinary, aimed at reducing symptoms, preventing complications, and providing an appropriate genetic counseling. Recently, the first pharmacological treatment for AF has been approved, with several others in clinical assessment trials.

RESUMEN La Ataxia de Friedreich (AF) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa autosómica recesiva con compromiso multisistémico. En esta revisión, se actualizan aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos y clínico-terapéuticos y se conduce una búsqueda sistemática de casos de AF reportados en Latinoamérica. La prevalencia de AF en poblaciones caucásicas es estimada entre 2 y 5 casos por 100 000 habitantes. En Latinoamérica se han publicado 35 estudios que reúnen 1481 casos en 6 países. Causada por la expansión anormal de repeticiones GAA en el gen FXN, la etiopatogenia está asociada a una reducción en los niveles de la proteína frataxina (que altera el metabolismo energético) y el acúmulo de hierro mitocondrial. El fenotipo clásico de AF suele comenzar antes de los 25 años, aunque hay otros de inicio tardío y retención de reflejos. La sintomatología se caracteriza por ataxia progresiva, alteración sensitiva, arreflexia, disartria, y alteraciones oculomotoras, además de compromiso cardiaco, endocrino y musculoesquelético. El diagnóstico requiere evaluación neurológica detallada, estudios neurofisiológicos, neuroimágenes y pruebas bioquímicas pero el enfoque determinante es el estudio genético que demuestre variantes genéticas bialélicas en el gen FXN. El manejo es multidisciplinario, orientado a aminorar los síntomas, prevenir complicaciones y brindar asesoramiento genético apropiado. Recientemente se ha aprobado el primer tratamiento farmacológico para AF con varios más en fases de experimentación.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 generó profundos desafíos en las instituciones educativas. Como respuesta para garantizar la continuidad pedagógica de los/as estudiantes, muchas Universidades, entre ellas la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, decidieron continuar las cursadas con la modalidad virtual. En la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, el curso de Economía General y Sociología, correspondiente al segundo año de la carrera, se dicta en el primer cuatrimestre del ciclo lectivo. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la importancia del uso de una encuesta al inicio de la cursada del primer cuatrimestre del año 2020, como herramienta para poder repensar y replanificar el curso ante el escenario de emergencia sanitaria.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic generated deep challenges in educational institutions. To guarantee the pedagogical continuity of students, many universities decided to continue with the courses online. The General Economics and Sociology course is a second-year course of the Veterinary Sciences degree and is taught in the first semester of the university academic year. The objective of this work was to analyze the use of a survey at the beginning of the course in the year 2020, as a tool to rethink and replan the course in the face of the health emergency scenario.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify, by means of a survey, the knowledge of specialists and residents in Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the benefits of respectful and dignified care for the patient at the time of delivery. MATERIALSAND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective study carried out on a sample of obstetrician-gynecologists and residents from different universities and institutions in Colombia to whom a structured instrument was applied individually, in person or online, between December 2021 and August 2022. RESULTS: 343 responses were obtained. Fifty-one percent of the sample were specialists with more than two years of experience. 37.2% of the residents were in their third year and 20.2% were in their second year. More than half of the respondents did not and do not receive any education on the subject. A gap in knowledge and implementation were identified. The entire sample did not recognize any maternal or neonatal benefit. 86.3% considered that there is no contraindication to the implementation of respectful and dignified childbirth and 94.8% expressed a correlation between misinformation and low implementation of respectful and dignified childbirth. 69.4% of the sample were aware of and implemented the birth plan in their daily practice. CONCLUSIONS: From the sample analyzed, it is concluded that there is misinformation about the maternal and neonatal benefits of dignified and respectful childbirth on the part of Gynaecology and Obstetrics residents and specialists. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the content of the subject in education programs. In addition, it is necessary to standardize adjusted protocols that facilitate their execution and implementation.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar, mediante una encuesta, el conocimiento de especialistas y residentes de Ginecología y Obstetricia de los beneficios de la atención respetuosa y digna a la paciente en el momento del parto. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo efectuado en una muestra de ginecoobstetras y residentes de diferentes universidades e instituciones de Colombia a quienes se aplicó, entre los meses de diciembre de 2021 a agosto de 2022, un instrumento estructurado de manera individual, presencial o virtual. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 343 respuestas. El 51% de la muestra fue de especialistas con más de dos años de experiencia. El 37.2% de los residentes cursaba el tercer y 20.2% el segundo año. Más de la mitad de los encuestados no recibió ni recibe educación del tema. Se identificó un vacío en el conocimiento y su implementación. La totalidad de la muestra no reconoció algún beneficio materno o neonatal. El 86.3% consideró que no existe contraindicación para la implementación del parto digno y respetuoso y el 94.8% manifestó una correlación entre la desinformación y su baja implementación. El 69.4% de la muestra conocía y ponía en práctica el plan de parto en su práctica diaria. CONCLUSIONES: De la muestra analizada se concluye que hay desinformación acerca de los beneficios maternos y neonatales del parto digno y respetuoso por parte de residentes y especialistas de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Por lo tanto, es necesario aumentar los contenidos del tema a los programas de educación. Además, estandarizar los protocolos ajustados que faciliten su ejecución e implementación.