Abstract Objectives To evaluate the impact of invasive mechanical ventilation associated with two serum inflammatory cytokines and clinical indicators, on the second day of life, as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight preterm infants. It was hypothesized that the use of invasive mechanical ventilation in the first hours of life is associated with biomarkers that may predict the chances of preterm infants to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Methods Prospective cohort of 40 preterm infants with gestational age <34 weeks and birth weight <1500 g. The following were analyzed: clinical variables; types of ventilator support used (there is a higher occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia when oxygen supplementation is performed by long periods of invasive mechanical ventilation); hospitalization time; quantification of two cytokines (granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF] and eotaxin) in blood between 36 and 48 h of life. The preterm infants were divided in two groups: with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Results The GM-CSF levels presented a significantly higher value in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia group (p = 0.002), while eotaxin presented higher levels in the group without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.02). The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin (100% sensitivity and 80% specificity; receiver operating characteristic area = 0.9013, CI = 0.7791–1.024, p < 0.0001). Conclusions The duration of invasive mechanical ventilation performed in the first 48 h of life in the very low birth weight infants is a significant clinical predictor of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin, suggesting increased lung injury and consequent progression of the disease.

Abstract Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of chronic inflammatory systemic diseases characterized by axial and/or peripheral joints inflammation, as well as extra-articular manifestations. Over some decades, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been the basis for the pharmacological treatment of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). However, the emergence of the immunobiologic agents brought up the discussion about the role of NSAIDs in the management of these patients. The objective of this guideline is to provide recommendations for the use of NSAIDs for the treatment of axSpA. A panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials for 15 predefined questions. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology to assess the quality of evidence and formulate recommendations were used, and at least 70% agreement of the voting panel was needed. Fourteen recommendations for the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of patients with axSpA were elaborated. The purpose of these recommendations is to support clinicians’ decision making, without taking out his/her autonomy when prescribing for an individual patient.

Abstract Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic and systemic immune disease characterized by inflammation of peripheral and/ or axial joints and entheses in patients with psoriasis (PsO). Extra-articular and extracutaneous manifestations and numerous comorbidities can also be present. These recommendations replace the previous version published in May 2013. A systematic review of the literature retrieved 191 articles that were used to formulate 12 recommendations in response to 12 clinical questions, divided into 4 sections: diagnosis, non-pharmacological treatment, conventional drug therapy and biologic therapy. These guidelines provide evidence-based information on the clinical management for PsA patients. For each recommendation, the level of evidence (highest available), degree of strength (Oxford) and degree of expert agreement (interrater reliability) are reported.

Abstract Spondyloarthritis is a group of chronic inflammatory systemic diseases characterized by axial and/or peripheral joints inflammation, as well as extra-articular manifestations. The classification axial spondyloarthritis is adopted when the spine and/or the sacroiliac joints are predominantly involved. This version of recommendations replaces the previous guidelines published in May 2013. A systematic literature review was performed, and two hundred thirty-seven studies were selected and used to formulate 29 recommendations answering 15 clinical questions, which were divided into four sections: diagnosis, non-pharmacological therapy, conventional drug therapy and biological therapy. For each recommendation the level of evidence supporting (highest available), the strength grade according to Oxford, and the degree of expert agreement (inter-rater reliability) is informed. These guidelines bring evidence-based information on clinical management of axial SpA patients, including, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

PbO2 is one material that has recently emerged as potential transparent conducting oxide for applications in the modern opto-electronic industry. In this work the electronic structure of the α-PbO2 polymorph has been investigated, aiming to contribute to the understanding of its high levels of conductivity. DFT calculations using B3LYP hybrid density functional and considering long range interactions among the atoms have been performed. A direct band gap of 0.90 eV has been found, compatible with high conductivity values. Although the stoichiometric material is somewhat transparent, the band structure indicates that appropriated modifications in the material Fermi level can be performed in order to decrease the absorption of light. Charge distribution plus overlap population analysis show that the material is predominantly ionic. The charge distribution throughout the material is strongly dependent on the crystal direction. Results suggest that α-PbO2 can be potentially more interesting for opto-electronic purposes than the β polymorph.

ABSTRACT Lithological and geomorphological variations determine formation of soils with different mineralogical constitutions and can influence the distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTE). The aim of this study was to determine the contents of PTE and mineralogical assemblages along soil profiles of different classes and parent materials and to investigate the association among these factors in the São Francisco sedimentary basin in the northern part of the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil). Eight soil pedons of different classes that developed from different parent materials (limestone, siltstone, phyllite, alluvial-colluvial sediments, detrital cover, and rhythmite) were studied in two lithotoposequences. Soil morphological, particle-size, and chemical analyses were carried out for soil characterization and classification. A mineralogical investigation was carried out by X-ray diffraction on soil sand, silt, and clay fractions. Potentially toxic elements were extracted by microwave-assisted acid digestion (EPA 3015A method) and determined in an ICP-OES. Soil mineralogy showed relevant interactions between pedogenesis and morphogenesis. Quartz is the main mineral in the sand and silt fractions, with varying amounts of weatherable primary minerals, whereas kaolinite is the main mineral in the clay fraction, followed by 2:1 clay minerals and oxides. The main soil properties associated with PTE variability were pH, redox environment, mineral and organic reactive surfaces, and clay content. The unique patterns of PTE distribution per pedon and differences in PTE contents in soils from the same parent material, but with different pedogenic evolution, showed that pedogenic processes influence PTE distribution. Mainly Mn, Ni, Pb, and Ba were influenced by parent material, especially limestone, siltstone, and detrital cover, but Cd, As, and Cu were also influenced. To a lesser extent, Mo was influenced by phyllite and Cr by detrital cover and phyllite. Rhodic Ferralsol (Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico) was the only taxonomic class to show class association with PTE. The association of Ferralsols (Latossolos) with Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ba, As, and Cu and the low contents of these elements in soils of this class suggest that pedogenic processes common to Ferralsol (Latossolo) evolution are responsible for decreasing levels of these PTE.

Resumo Estima-se que aproximadamente 30% das doenças infantis possam ser atribuídas a fatores ambientais e 40% acometem crianças com idade inferior a cinco anos, representando cerca de 10% da população mundial. Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a relação das variáveis climáticas na prevalência de infecção respiratória aguda (IRA) em crianças menores de dois anos em Rondonópolis-MT, de 1999 a 2014. Usou-se um estudo do tipo transversal com abordagem quantitativa e descritiva, com dados do banco de dados meteorológicos para ensino e pesquisa e do sistema de informações em saúde. Para a análise estatística, foi ajustado o modelo binomial negativo pertencente à classe dos modelos lineares generalizados, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%, com base na plataforma estatística R. Estimou-se que o número médio de casos de IRA diminui em aproximadamente 7,9% a cada grau centígrado de aumento acima da média da temperatura do ar e diminua cerca de 1,65% a cada 1% de aumento acima da média da umidade relativa do ar. Já a precipitação pluviométrica não apresentou relação com estes casos. Cabe à equipe interdisciplinar, reorientar ações práticas que auxiliem no controle e na redução dos números significativos de IRA na atenção primária à saúde, relacionados com as questões climáticas em crianças.

Abstract It is estimated that approximately 30% of childhood diseases can be attributed to environmental factors and 40% involve children under the age of five years old, representing about 10% of world population. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of climate variables in the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children under two years old, in Rondonopolis-MT, from 1999 to 2014. It was used a cross-sectional study with a quantitative and a descriptive approach with meteorological teaching and research data from the database from the health information system. For statistical analysis, it adjusted the negative binomial model belonging to the class of generalized linear models, adopting a significance level of 5%, based on the statistical platform R. The average number of cases of ARI decreases at approximately by 7.9% per degree centigrade increase above the average air temperature and decrease about 1.65% per 1% increase over the average air relative humidity. Already, the rainfall not associated with these cases. It is the interdisciplinary team refocus practical actions to assist in the control and reduction of ARI significant numbers in primary health care, related climate issues in children.

Resumo Estima-se que aproximadamente 30% das doenças infantis possam ser atribuídas a fatores ambientais e 40% acometem crianças com idade inferior a cinco anos, representando cerca de 10% da população mundial. Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a relação das variáveis climáticas na prevalência de infecção respiratória aguda (IRA) em crianças menores de dois anos em Rondonópolis-MT, de 1999 a 2014. Usou-se um estudo do tipo transversal com abordagem quantitativa e descritiva, com dados do banco de dados meteorológicos para ensino e pesquisa e do sistema de informações em saúde. Para a análise estatística, foi ajustado o modelo binomial negativo pertencente à classe dos modelos lineares generalizados, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%, com base na plataforma estatística R. Estimou-se que o número médio de casos de IRA diminui em aproximadamente 7,9% a cada grau centígrado de aumento acima da média da temperatura do ar e diminua cerca de 1,65% a cada 1% de aumento acima da média da umidade relativa do ar. Já a precipitação pluviométrica não apresentou relação com estes casos. Cabe à equipe interdisciplinar, reorientar ações práticas que auxiliem no controle e na redução dos números significativos de IRA na atenção primária à saúde, relacionados com as questões climáticas em crianças.

Abstract It is estimated that approximately 30% of childhood diseases can be attributed to environmental factors and 40% involve children under the age of five years old, representing about 10% of world population. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of climate variables in the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children under two years old, in Rondonopolis-MT, from 1999 to 2014. It was used a cross-sectional study with a quantitative and a descriptive approach with meteorological teaching and research data from the database from the health information system. For statistical analysis, it adjusted the negative binomial model belonging to the class of generalized linear models, adopting a significance level of 5%, based on the statistical platform R. The average number of cases of ARI decreases at approximately by 7.9% per degree centigrade increase above the average air temperature and decrease about 1.65% per 1% increase over the average air relative humidity. Already, the rainfall not associated with these cases. It is the interdisciplinary team refocus practical actions to assist in the control and reduction of ARI significant numbers in primary health care, related climate issues in children.

O artigo tem por objetivo avaliar a prevalência de paternidade na adolescência (PA) e fatores associados em uma amostra comunitária de homens de 14 a 35 anos. Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado na zona urbana de Pelotas/RS, Brasil. A seleção amostral foi realizada por múltiplos estágios, considerando a divisão censitária do município. Neste estudo foram incluídos indivíduos do sexo masculino e sexualmente ativos. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário autoaplicável nos domicílios dos participantes. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 934 homens. A prevalência de paternidade na adolescência foi de 8% (n = 75). Verificou-se maior prevalência de PA entre aqueles que relataram ausência paterna na infância (p < 0,001), aqueles que viveram com padrasto (p = 0,044) e entre aqueles que tiverem o início da vida sexual antes dos 14 anos. Conclusões: A ausência paterna e o convívio com padrasto na infância, bem como a iniciação sexual precoce são fatores associados à paternidade na adolescência.

This article aims to assess the prevalence of fatherhood in adolescence (FA) and associated factors in a community sample of 14 to 35 year-old men. Cross-sectional population-based study realized in the urban area of the city of Pelotas-RS, Brazil. The sample was selected by clusters, according to the city census. This sub-study only comprised sexually active men. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire in the participants’ homes. The sample was composed for 934 men. The prevalence of fatherhood in adolescence was 8% (n = 75). We verified higher prevalence of FA among those that reported paternal absence (p < 0.001), those that had lived with stepfather (p = 0.044), and among those that had sexual debut before the age of 14 (p = 0.011). Paternal absence, have lived with a stepfather, and early sexual experience are associated factors to fatherhood in adolescence.

O artigo tem por objetivo avaliar a prevalência de paternidade na adolescência (PA) e fatores associados em uma amostra comunitária de homens de 14 a 35 anos. Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado na zona urbana de Pelotas/RS, Brasil. A seleção amostral foi realizada por múltiplos estágios, considerando a divisão censitária do município. Neste estudo foram incluídos indivíduos do sexo masculino e sexualmente ativos. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário autoaplicável nos domicílios dos participantes. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 934 homens. A prevalência de paternidade na adolescência foi de 8% (n = 75). Verificou-se maior prevalência de PA entre aqueles que relataram ausência paterna na infância (p < 0,001), aqueles que viveram com padrasto (p = 0,044) e entre aqueles que tiverem o início da vida sexual antes dos 14 anos. Conclusões: A ausência paterna e o convívio com padrasto na infância, bem como a iniciação sexual precoce são fatores associados à paternidade na adolescência.

This article aims to assess the prevalence of fatherhood in adolescence (FA) and associated factors in a community sample of 14 to 35 year-old men. Cross-sectional population-based study realized in the urban area of the city of Pelotas-RS, Brazil. The sample was selected by clusters, according to the city census. This sub-study only comprised sexually active men. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire in the participants’ homes. The sample was composed for 934 men. The prevalence of fatherhood in adolescence was 8% (n = 75). We verified higher prevalence of FA among those that reported paternal absence (p < 0.001), those that had lived with stepfather (p = 0.044), and among those that had sexual debut before the age of 14 (p = 0.011). Paternal absence, have lived with a stepfather, and early sexual experience are associated factors to fatherhood in adolescence.

Objetivo Investigar as características psicométricas de uma versão traduzida da escala, propondo uma Versão Revisada que atenda aos critérios de adaptação transcultural para o contexto brasileiro. Métodos Este estudo incluiu 231 sujeitos – deprimidos (45,5%), bipolares (7,8%) e saudáveis (46,7%) – que participaram de uma pesquisa epidemiológica no sul do Brasil. A avaliação de transtornos mentais foi realizada por meio da Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) e uma versão traduzida da Escala de Avaliação de Depressão de Hamilton (HAM-D), que habitualmente vem sendo utilizada no país sem estudos de adaptação. Resultados Identificou-se o ponto de corte (9 pontos) para discriminar a presença ou não de sintomas de depressão pela análise da curva ROC, resultando em uma sensibilidade e especificidade de 90 e 91%, respectivamente. A validade interna foi investigada pela análise fatorial e consistência dos itens. Dos 17 itens originais, apenas o item que avalia a “consciência do transtorno” não apresentou carga fatorial satisfatória para avaliar depressão geral e foi eliminado; os 16 restantes agruparam-se em cinco dimensões, denominadas: Humor deprimido, Anorexia, Insônia, Somatização e Ansiedade, as quais, com exceção da última, mostraram homogeneidade nos seus construtos (coeficientes alfa entre 0,66 e 0,78). Na análise de conteúdo dos itens, cinco especialistas sugeriram alterações redacionais em sete itens. Conclusão O estudo determina um ponto de corte diferente do original e evidencia características psicométricas favoráveis para a utilização da escala no Brasil.

Objective To investigate the psychometric characteristics of a translated version of the scale, proposing a reviewed version in order to attend the transcultural adaptation criteria. Methods This study included 231 subjects – depressed (45.5%), bipolar (7.8%), and healthy (46.7%) – who participated of an epidemiological research in southern Brazil. The evaluation of mental disorders was made through Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and a translated version of the Hamilton Scale (HAM-D), usually utilized in Brazil without adaptation studies. Results The ROC curve analysis identified the cutoff (9 points) to discriminate the presence or absence of depression, resulting in a sensibility and specificity of 90 and 91%, respectively. The internal validity was investigated by the factorial analysis and consistence of the items. It was observed that all 17 original items, except “Consciousness”, presented psychometric quality to evaluate general depression, and that there were five dimensions underling those 16 items: Depressed humor, Anorexia, Insomnia, Somatization, and Anxiety, and all of them, excepting the last, showed homogeneity in their constructs (alpha coefficients between 0.66 and 0.78). On content analysis, five specialists suggested editing changes in seven items. Conclusion This study determinates a different cutoff and psychometric evidences favourable to the use of HAM-D in Brazil.

Com esta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo e a composição química da forragem de leguminosas consorciadas com o capim elefante (CE) + espécies de crescimento espontâneo (ECE) + azevém anual (AZ) + amendoim forrageiro (AF), como tratamento T1; e CE + ECE + AZ + trevo vermelho (TV), como T2. O CE foi estabelecido em linhas afastadas a cada 4 m. O azevém anual foi estabelecido entre as linhas do CE durante o período hibernal; o TV foi semeado e o AF foi preservado. O experimento foi realizado entre outubro de 2009 e abril de 2010, sendo realizados seis pastejos. Foram coletadas amostras de forragem das leguminosas, simulando o pastejo, para determinação dos teores de matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica (DISMO), fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT) e taninos concentrados (TC). Os valores médios de MO, PB, FDN, DISMO, FT, TT e TC foram de 90,8; 20,96; 48,38; 86,68; 1,92; 1,42 e 1,39%; e de 91,84; 21,41; 41,36; 85,18; 1,90; 1,31 e 0,17% para o amendoim forrageiro e trevo vermelho, respectivamente. Valores superiores (p < 0,05) foram observados no teor de TC da forragem do amendoim forrageiro.

With this study, we aimed at evaluating the nutritional value and chemical composition of forage legume intercropping with elephant grass (EG) + spontaneous growth species (SGS) + annual ryegrass (AR) + peanut forage (PF), as treatment T1; and EG + SGS + AR + red clover (RD), as T2. The EG was planted in 4-m spaced rows. The annual ryegrass was planted between the EG rows during the cool season; the RC was sowed and the PF was preserved. The experiment was performed between October 2009 and April 2010, with six grazing cycles. Samples of forage legume was collected, under simulated the grazing, to determine the levels of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter in situ digestibility (OMISD), total phenols (TF), total tannins (TT), and condensed tannins (CT). The mean values of OM, CP, NDF, OMISD, TF, TT and TC were 90.8, 20.96, 48.38, 86.68, 1.92, 1.42 and 1.39%; and 91.84, 21.41, 41.36, 85.18, 1.90, 1.31 and 0.17% for peanut forage and red clover, respectively. Higher values (p < 0.05) were observed in the level of CT of peanut forage.

The objective of this research was to estimate three pasture-based systems mixed with elephantgrass + spontaneous growth species, annual ryegrass, for pasture-based system 1; elephantgrass + spontaneous growth species + forage peanut, for pasture-based system 2; and elephantgrass + spontaneous growth species + annual ryegrass + red clover, for pasture-based system 3. Elephantgrass was planted in rows 4 m apart from each other. During the cool-season, annual ryegrass was sown in the alleys between the rows of elephantgrass; forage peanut and red clover were sown in the alleys between the elephantgrass according to the respective treatment. The experimental design was totally randomized in the three treatments (pasture-based systems), two replicates (paddocks) in completely split-plot time (grazing cycles). Holstein cows receiving 5.5 kg-daily complementary concentrate feed were used in the evaluation. Pre-grazing forage mass, botanical composition and stocking rate were evaluated. Samples of simulated grazing were collected to analyze organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and organic matter in situ digestibility (OMISD). Nine grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (341 days). The average dry matter values for pre-grazing and stocking rate were 3.34; 3.46; 3.79 t/ha, and 3.28; 3.34; 3.60 AU/ha for each respective pasture-based system. Similar results were observed between the pasture-based systems for OM, NDF, CP and OMISD. Considering forage mass, stocking rate and nutritive value, the pasture-based system intercropped with forage legumes presented better performance.

Acrocomia aculeata is a perennial, fruit-producing palm tree, native to tropical forests. Its fruits have spurred interest because of their significant potential for use in the cosmetic industry and as feedstock for biofuel. In the present study, the genetic structure and mating system in Acrocomia aculeata were analyzed, using eight nuclear microsatellite loci and samples from São Paulo and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. By means of Bayesian analysis, these populations were clustered into two or three groups. A high multilocus outcrossing rate suggests that outcrosses were predominant, although a certain degree of biparental inbreeding also occurred. Thus, although monoecious and self-compatible, there is every indication that A. aculeata bears a mixed reproductive system, with a predominance of outcrossing. Given the genetic structure revealed hereby, future conservation strategies and germplasm collecting should be focussed on sampling and preserving individuals from different clusters.

Dois experimentos foram realizados para se avaliar o efeito de enzimas microbianas sobre o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, utilizaram-se 288 pintos de 8 a 21 dias de idade em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, (duas dietas, farelo de soja + sorgo e farelo de soja + milheto, com ou sem complexo multienzimático - CM), com quatro repetições por tratamento, em que cada parcela foi constituída por 18 aves. As dietas foram formuladas para conter níveis idênticos de energia metabolizável (EM), aminoácidos, cálcio e fósforo. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 384 frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, quatro repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais, à base de milho e farelo de soja, foram formuladas para conterem 7 e 9% de EM e 5 e 7% dos aminoácidos metionina (Met), Met + cistina (Cis) e lisina (Lis), com a presença ou não de complexo multienzimático. A inclusão do CM, tanto em rações à base de farelo de soja e sorgo como à base de farelo de soja e milheto, não proporcionou ganhos nos desempenhos das aves na fase inicial de crescimento. Os valores de EM e de aminoácidos (Met, Met+Cis e Lis) da soja podem ser superestimados em 9 e 7%, respectivamente, quando há adição de CM às rações, sem prejuízo ao desempenho das aves.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial enzymes on weight gain, feed intake and feed: gain ratio. In the first trial, 288 chicks from 8-21 days old were assigned to a complete randomized design with a 2 x 2 fatorial arrangement: meal (soybean meal + sorghum and soybean meal + millet) and with or without multi-enzymatic complex (MC), with four replications of 18 bird per experimental unit. Diets were formulated to contain the same levels of metabolizable energy (ME), amino acids, calcium and phosphorus. In the second trial, 384 broilers from 21-42 days old were assigned to a complete randomized design with six treatments and four replications pf 16 birds per experimental unit. All diets contained corn, soybean meal, 7 and 9% of ME, levels of 7 and 5% of methionine (Met), Met + cystine (Cys) and lysine (Lys) with or without MC. It was concluded, in the first trial, that the inclusion of MC in both soybean meal and sorghum and millet-based diets did not show positive effect on broiler performance. In the second trial, ME and amino acids (Met, Met+Cys and Lys) values could be overestimated in 9 and 7%, respectively, when dietary MC level increased, with no effect on bird performance.