Despite the wealth of information generated by trans-disciplinary research in Chagas disease, knowledge about its multifaceted pathogenesis is still fragmented. Here we review the body of experimental studies in animal models supporting the concept that persistent infection by Trypanosoma cruzi is crucial for the development of chronic myocarditis. Complementing this review, we will make an effort to reconcile seemingly contradictory results concerning the immune profiles of chronic patients from Argentina and Brazil. Finally, we will review the results of molecular studies suggesting that parasite-induced inflammation and tissue damage is, at least in part, mediated by the activities of trans-sialidase, mucin-linked lipid anchors (TLR2 ligand) and cruzipain (a kinin-releasing cysteine protease). One hundred years after the discovery of Chagas disease, it is reassuring that basic and clinical research tends to converge, raising new perspectives for the treatment of chronic Chagas disease.

In spite of the growing knowledge obtained about immune control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the mechanisms responsible for the variable clinico-pathological expression of Chagas disease remain unknown. In a twist from previous concepts, recent studies indicated that tissue parasitism is a pre-requisite for the development of chronic myocarditis. This fundamental concept, together with the realization that T. cruzi organisms consist of genetically heterogeneous clones, offers a new framework for studies of molecular pathogenesis. In the present article, we will discuss in general terms the possible implications of genetic variability of T. cruzi antigens and proteases to immunopathology. Peptide epitopes from a highly polymorphic subfamily of trans-sialidase (TS) antigens were recently identified as targets of killer T cell (CTL) responses, both in mice and humans. While some class I MHC restricted CTL recognize epitopes derived from amastigote-specific TS-related antigens (TSRA), others are targeted to peptide epitopes originating from trypomastigote-specific TSRA. A mechanistic hypothesis is proposed to explain how the functional activity and specificity of class I MHC restricted killer T cells may control the extent to which tissue are exposed to prematurely released amastigotes. Chronic immunopathology may be exacerbated due the progressive accumulation of amastigote-derived antigens and pro-inflammatory molecules (eg. GPI-mucins and kinin-releasing proteases) in dead macrophage bodies.

A natureza dos antigenos do T. cruzi, bem como dos fatores do hospedeiro que contribuem para a cardiopatia chagásica tem sido intensamente investigada nestes últimos anos. Nesse contexto, a caracterização funcional das populações de linfócitos T reativos na fase crônica da doença é particularmente relevante. No presente trabalho, pretende-se analisar a resposta proliferativa de células mononucleares de sangue periférico de pacientes acometidos com a forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas. Os estudos se restrigem à cruzipaina, a cisteíno-protease majoritária do T. cruzi, uma glicoproteína altamente irnunogênica em pacientes chagásicos. Utilizando o índice de estimulação (IE) das culturas de células mononucleares como critério de avaliação de reatividade celular, analisamos 24 individuos: doadores normais (n = 8), cardiopatas não-chagásicos (n = 8) e cardiopatas chagásicos crônicos (n = 8) sem outras associações mórbidas. Pela análise de variância observou-se que os IE dos pacientes chagásicos são significativamente mais altos do que o valor observado nos demais grupos (p = 0,0001) enquanto o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey revelou que a média do IE dos individuos normais e cardiopatas não-chagásicos não difere significativamente entre si. Nossos estudos indicam que a resposta dos linfócitos T, face à cruzipaina, está exclusivamente associada ã doença de Chagas. A análise do repertório de epitópos T da cruzipaina e do padrão funcional de reatividade (Th1/Th2) de linfócitos T de sangue periférico estã sendo presentemente conduzida. Em vista da abundante expressão de cruzipaina presente em amastigotas, é possível que linfócitos T anticruzipaina participem das reações inflamatórias associadas com a cardiopatia chagásica. A caracterização destas subpopulações poderá oferecer possíveis subsídios para a identificação de marcadores de cardiopatia chagásica.

In this paper, we sought to determine if chronic chagasic patlents with cardiopathy could be distinguished from those displaying non-chagasic cardiopathy on the basis of T cell proliferative responses to cruzipain (GP57/51), a major antigen of T. cruzi. Assays were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 24 individuals classified as follows: normal donors (n = 8), patients with non-chagasic cardiopathy (n = 8) and patients with chronic chagasic cardiopathy without morbid associations (n = 8). The analysis of variance indicated that the proliferative responses stimulated by cruzipain were significantly higher in the group of chagasic patients (p = 0,0001). Tukey's multiple comparison test shoived that the proliferative index medium from normal and non-chagasic cardiopathy was not significantly different from each other. We conclude that the T cell responses agains T. cruzipain, as measured by proliferative indices of cells found in peripheral blood, are exclusively associated with Chagas, disease. In view of the abundance of cruzipain antigen in amastigotes it is possible that these T cell specificities contribute to the heart tissue damage obsewed in chronic Chagas, disease patients