ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Guadua lynnclarkiae, Guadua weberbaueri and Guadua superba. Three culms were collected from each species, later they were sectioned into three levels: stump (S), base (B) and over base (O). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (DCA) in a factorial scheme (3E x 3N), being factor E: bamboo species with three levels: a) Guadua lynnclarkiae, b) Guadua weberbaueri and c) Guadua superba; and the N factor: culm level with three sections a) stump, b) base and c) over base, all distributed in three repetitions and 4 test tubes for physical properties. For the mechanical properties, the same experimental design and number of repetitions were used, however, 5 test tubes were used per experimental plot. Thus, the greatest contraction of the culm wall was 23.0% in Guadua lynnclarkiae at the base level. The basic density in the three species was 0.71 g cm-3. In bending, the highest modulus of rupture was recorded in Guadua superba in stump, base and over base with 55.15; 84.49 and 73.97 MPa, respectively. In parallel compression, the MoE and MoR were 11454.35 MPa and 39.50 MPa in the three species and levels. Therefore, Guadua lynnclarkiae and Guadua weberbaueri have adequate physical and mechanical properties for different uses, including civil construction. However, in Guadua superba it is recommended to carry out subsequent studies of rigidity and resistance for its use in the construction of houses in rural and urban areas.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de Guadua lynnclarkiae, Guadua weberbaueri y Guadua superba. De cada especie fueron colectados tres culmos, posteriormente fueron seccionados en tres niveles: cepa (C), basa (B) y sobrebasa (SB). El experimento fue conducido en diseño de completamente al azar (DCA) en esquema factorial (3E x 3N), siendo el factor E: especies de bambú con tres niveles: a) Guadua lynnclarkiae, b) Guadua weberbaueri y c) Guadua superba; y el factor N: nivel de culmo con tres secciones a) cepa, b) basa y c) sobrebasa, todos distribuidos en tres repeticiones y 4 probetas para las propiedades físicas. Para las propiedades mecánicas fue utilizado el mismo diseño experimental y número de repeticiones, no obstante, fueron utilizados 5 probetas por parcela experimental. Así, la mayor contracción de la pared de culmo fue de 23,0% en Guadua lynnclarkiae en el nivel basa. La densidad básica en las tres especies fue de 0,71 g cm-3. En flexión, el mayor módulo de ruptura fue registrado en Guadua superba en cepa, basa y sobrebasa con 55,15; 84,49 y 73,97 MPa, respectivamente. En compresión paralela el MoE y MoR fue de 11454.35 MPa y 39,50 MPa en las tres especies y niveles. Por ello, Guadua lynnclarkiae y Guadua weberbaueri poseen propiedades físicas y mecánicas adecuadas para diferentes usos incluyendo la construcción civil. No obstante, en Guadua superba se recomienda realizar estudios posteriores de rigidez y resistencia para su uso en la construcción de viviendas en zonas rurales y urbanas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To establish a microcephaly cut-off size in adults using head circumference as an indirect measure of brain size, as well as to explore factors associated with microcephaly via data mining. METHODS In autopsy studies, head circumference was measured with an inelastic tape placed around the skull. Total brain volume was also directly measured. A linear regression was used to determine the association of head circumference with brain volume and clinical variables. Microcephaly was defined as head circumference that were two standard deviations below the mean of significant clinical variables. We further applied an association rule mining to find rules associating microcephaly with several sociodemographic and clinical variables. RESULTS In our sample of 2,508 adults, the mean head circumference was 55.3 ± 2.7cm. Head circumference was related to height, cerebral volume, and sex (p < 0.001 for all). Microcephaly was present in 4.7% of the sample (n = 119). Out of 34,355 association rules, we found significant relationships between microcephaly and a clinical dementia rating (CDR) > 0.5 with an informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE) ≥ 3.4 (confidence: 100% and lift: 5.6), between microcephaly and a CDR > 0.5 with age over 70 years (confidence: 42% and lift: 2.4), and microcephaly and males (confidence: 68.1% and lift: 1.3). CONCLUSION Head circumference was related to cerebral volume. Due to its low cost and easy use, head circumference can be used as a screening test for microcephaly, adjusting it for gender and height. Microcephaly was associated with dementia at old age.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To establish a microcephaly cut-off size in adults using head circumference as an indirect measure of brain size, as well as to explore factors associated with microcephaly via data mining. METHODS In autopsy studies, head circumference was measured with an inelastic tape placed around the skull. Total brain volume was also directly measured. A linear regression was used to determine the association of head circumference with brain volume and clinical variables. Microcephaly was defined as head circumference that were two standard deviations below the mean of significant clinical variables. We further applied an association rule mining to find rules associating microcephaly with several sociodemographic and clinical variables. RESULTS In our sample of 2,508 adults, the mean head circumference was 55.3 ± 2.7cm. Head circumference was related to height, cerebral volume, and sex (p < 0.001 for all). Microcephaly was present in 4.7% of the sample (n = 119). Out of 34,355 association rules, we found significant relationships between microcephaly and a clinical dementia rating (CDR) > 0.5 with an informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE) ≥ 3.4 (confidence: 100% and lift: 5.6), between microcephaly and a CDR > 0.5 with age over 70 years (confidence: 42% and lift: 2.4), and microcephaly and males (confidence: 68.1% and lift: 1.3). CONCLUSION Head circumference was related to cerebral volume. Due to its low cost and easy use, head circumference can be used as a screening test for microcephaly, adjusting it for gender and height. Microcephaly was associated with dementia at old age.

ABSTRACT Introduction . Infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 may produce a severe inflammatory response, sepsis, respiratory failure, organ dysfunction, and death. From a pathophysiological point of view, it is plausible that glucocorticoids could be a reasonable therapeutic option for Covid-19. However, the evidence supporting the benefit of corticosteroids on mortality and other clinical outcomes is not conclusive. Objective : determinate if there exist evidence supporting corticosteroids therapy in patients with severe Covid- 19 and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Material and method : This study was performed in concordance with PRISMA guidelines. According to the PICO strategy, Population were patients with severe Covid-19 and/or ARDS; Intervention, parenteral corticosteroid administration; Comparator, patients with severe Covid-19 and/or ARDS with standard treatment (without corticosteroids); and Outcome, mortality and other clinical outcomes. Search strategy was performed in the data bases PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and LILACS, using terms related with the PICO question; from January 1 to august 31 (2020). A total of 287 articles were initially retrieved. Of these, we finally selected only 9 article which fulfilled with PICO and selection criteria. Results : According to our study, parenteral corticosteroids reduce mortality in patients with Severe Covid-19 and/or ARDS [OR 0.83 (IC 95% 0.63-1.08)]. Conclusion : the systematic review shows that parenteral corticosteroids could reduce the mortality of patients with severe Covid-19 and ARDS.

RESUMEN Introducción . La infección causada por el SARS-CoV-2 puede producir un cuadro inflamatorio severo, sepsis, falla respiratoria, disfunción orgánica, y muerte. Es plausible fisiopatológicamente, que los corticoides sean una opción terapéutica razonable para Covid-19. Sin embargo, la evidencia del efecto benéfico de los corticoides sobre la mortalidad no es categórica. Objetivo : determinar si existe evidencia que avale el uso de corticoides parenterales en Covid-19 grave y Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo (SDRA). Material y método : Este estudio se desarrolló en concordancia con la guía PRIMA. Según la estrategia PICO, nuestra Población fueron los pacientes con Covid-19 grave y/o SRDA; la Intervención, el uso de corticoides parenterales; el Comparador, los pacientes con Covid-19 severo con tratamiento estándar (sin corticoides); y el Outcome, la mortalidad y otros resultados clínicos. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, y LILACS usando los términos relacionados con nuestra pregunta PICO, entre el de 01 enero al 31 de agosto del 2020. Se logró recopilar un total de 287 artículos, de los que finalmente se seleccionaron 9 que cumplieron con los criterios PICO y de selección. Resultados : Según nuestro estudio, los corticoides parenterales reducen la mortalidad en pacientes con Covid-19 severo y SRDA [OR 0.83 (IC 95% 0.63-1.08)]. Conclusión : la revisión sistemática muestra que los corticoides parenterales podrían disminuir la mortalidad de pacientes con Covid-19 severo y ARDS.

ABSTRACT Introduction: To improve hemodynamic stability, coagulation disorders, tissue perfusion, oxygen transport capacity, among others, the transfusion of blood and plasma derivatives is necessary in the critically-ill patient. Objective: To characterize the population of seriously-ill patients who received treatment with blood and hemoderivatives. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with 199 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Orlando Pantoja Tamayo General Hospital in Contramaestre Municipality, Santiago de Cuba Province, from January 2016 to April 2019. The variables analyzed were age, sex, causes for hemotherapy, type of blood component used, frequency of administration, adverse reactions, and discharge status. Percentage was used to summarize the information. Also, the chi-square test was used to identify statistical association. Results: There was a predominance of the female sex (56.7%) and of the age 65 years and older, with diagnosis of polytrauma, high digestive bleeding, and sepsis. The red blood cell concentrate was the most used and the frequency of administration, on one occasion, occurred in the category with the highest amount of adverse reactions (56.6%). Administration on four or more occasions increased mortality. Conclusions: The red blood cell concentrate was the most administered hemoderivative. Administration on one occasion that caused the most adverse reactions and most were immediate immunological ones.

RESUMEN Introducción: Para mejorar la estabilidad hemodinámica, trastornos de la coagulación, perfusión hística, capacidad de transporte de oxígeno, entre otros, en el paciente crítico se hace necesario la transfusión de sangre y derivados. Objetivo: Caracterizar la población de pacientes graves que recibieron tratamiento con sangre y hemoderivados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en 199 pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital General “Orlando Pantoja Tamayo” del municipio Contramaestre, provincia Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2016 hasta abril de 2019. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, causas de hemoterapia, tipo de componente sanguíneo empleado, frecuencia de administración, reacciones adversas y estado al egreso. Se utilizó el porcentaje para resumir la información, así como el test chi cuadrado para identificar asociación estadística. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo femenino (56,7 %) y la edad comprendida entre 65 años y más, con el diagnóstico de politraumatizados, sangrado digestivo alto y sepsis. El concentrado de hematíes fue el más empleado y la frecuencia de administración, en una ocasión, fue en la categoría que más reacciones adversas se encontró (56,6 %); el empleo en cuatro o más ocasiones incrementó la mortalidad. Conclusiones: El concentrado de hematíes fue el hemoderivado más administrado, la administración en una ocasión fue la que más reacciones adversas provocó y la mayoría fueron del tipo inmediatas inmunológicas.

Resumo Este estudo correlacionou a resistência de união (RU) e a penetração de cimentos de diferentes bases à dentina radicular por meio do teste push-out e da análise por microscopia Confocal a laser (MCL). Quarenta e cinco canais radiculares foram preparados pela técnica coroa-ápice e obturados com guta-percha associada aos seguintes cimentos (n=15): Endofill, AH Plus e MTA Fillapex. Para análise por MCL da penetração dos cimentos, cinco canais foram obturados com os cimentos manipulados com Rodamina B a 0,1%. Em seguida, os espécimes foram seccionados transversalmente e submetidos ao teste de push-out (n=10) e análise por MCL (n=5). Os dados da RU apresentaram as seguintes médias (MPa) e desvio padrão: AH Plus (4,17±1,86); MTA Fillapex (3,13±1,96) e Endofill (2,10±1,03). A análise estatística (two-way ANOVA, α=0,05) mostrou diferença significativa entre os cimentos (p<0,001) e as regiões do canal radicular (p<0,001). Os resultados de RU de Endofill e MTA Fillapex foram estatisticamente semelhantes (p>0,05), no entanto, foram estatisticamente diferentes de AH Plus (p<0,001). A análise regional da RU demonstrou semelhança entre as regiões média e apical (p>0,05), e ambas foram diferentes da região cervical (p<0,001). A análise por MCL verificou a formação de tags em todos os grupos, com maior penetração nos espécimes obturados com AH Plus (p<0,05). O teste de Kendall (correlação entre RU à dentina e profundidade de penetração dos cimentos na dentina) e o teste de Pearson (correlação entre o padrão de falha e a profundidade de penetração dos cimentos na dentina) não evidenciaram correlação significativa entre as variáveis avaliadas nos cimentos testados (p<0,05). O grupo AH Plus apresentou maior RU, e formação de tags mais profundos que os outros cimentos. Não houve correlação significativa entre RU e penetração intratubular dos cimentos testados.

Abstract This study correlated the bond strength (BS) and dentin penetration of different sealers by push-out test and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) analysis. Forty-five root canals were prepared according to the crown-down technique and filled with gutta-percha associated to the following sealers (n=15): Endofill, AH Plus and MTA Fillapex. Five canals of each group were filled with the sealers added with 0.1% Rhodamine B dye. Next, the specimens were transversely sectioned and submitted to the push-out test (n=10) and CLSM analysis (n=5). The BS data showed the following means (MPa) and standard deviation: AH Plus (4.17±1.86); MTA Fillapex (3.13±1.96) and Endofill (2.10±1.03). Statistical analysis (two-way ANOVA, α=0.05) showed significant difference among sealers (p<0.001) and root canal thirds (p<0.001). The BS results of Endofill and MTA Fillapex were statistically similar (p>0.05), however, they were statistically different from AH Plus (p<0.001). The regional analysis of BS showed similarity between middle and apical thirds (p>0.05), and both were different from coronal portion (p<0.001). CLSM analysis verified tags formation in all groups and higher penetration of the specimens filled with AH Plus (p<0.05). The Kendall test (correlation between BS to dentin and sealer penetration into dentinal tubules) and the Pearson test (between failures pattern and sealer penetration into dentinal tubules) did not show correlation between the variables evaluated for all the tested sealers (p>0.05). AH Plus group had higher BS to dentin, and deeper tags formation than the other sealers. There was no significant correlation between BS and intratubular penetration of the tested sealers.

RESUMO. Introdução: Diabetes mellitus é um fator de risco para a demência, especialmente para a demência vascular (DV), mas ainda não há consenso sobre diabetes como fator de risco para a doença de Alzheimer (DA) e outras causas de demência. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre diabetes e demência e sua etiologia neuropatológica em um grande estudo de autópsia. Métodos: Os dados foram coletados do Banco de Encéfalos Humanos do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral da FMUSP entre 2004 e 2015. O diagnóstico de diabetes foi relatado por pelos parentes do falecido. A demência clínica foi estabelecida quando CDR ≥ 1 e IQCODE > 3,41. A etiologia da demência foi determinada pelo exame neuropatológico com imuno-histoquímica. A associação de diabetes com probabilidades de demência foi investigada usando regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 1.037 sujeitos, diabetes esteve presente em 279 participantes (27%). A frequência de diagnóstico de demência foi semelhante entre diabéticos (29%) e não diabéticos (27%). Não encontramos associação entre diabetes e demência (OR = 1,22; IC 95% = 0,81-1,82; p = 0,34) na análise multivariada. DA foi a principal causa de demência em ambos os grupos, DV foi a segunda causa em diabéticos. A frequência de outra demência mista foi a segunda causa de demência e mais frequente entre os não diabéticos (p = 0,03). Conclusão: A diabetes não foi associada à demência neste grande estudo clínico-patológico.

ABSTRACT. Background: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for dementia, especially for vascular dementia (VaD), but there is no consensus on diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other causes of dementia. Objective: To explore the association between diabetes and the neuropathological etiology of dementia in a large autopsy study. Methods: Data were collected from the participants of the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group between 2004 and 2015. Diagnosis of diabetes was reported by the deceased's next-of-kin. Clinical dementia was established when CDR ≥ 1 and IQCODE > 3.41. Dementia etiology was determined by neuropathological examination using immunohistochemistry. The association of diabetes with odds of dementia was investigated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: We included 1,037 subjects and diabetes was present in 279 participants (27%). The prevalence of dementia diagnosis was similar in diabetics (29%) and non-diabetics (27%). We found no association between diabetes and dementia (OR = 1.22; 95%CI = 0.81-1.82; p = 0.34) on the multivariate analysis. AD was the main cause of dementia in both groups, while VaD was the second-most-frequent cause in diabetics. Other mixed dementia was the second-most-common cause of dementia and more frequent among non-diabetics (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Diabetes was not associated with dementia in this large clinicopathological study.

El presente trabajo de investigación, consiste en la elaboración de un Plan de Gestión Integral para el manejo de residuos sólidos en la empresa Cyrgo SAS, cuyo objetivo general radica en la formulación de dicho Plan. La metodología diseñada es Investigación de Tipo Descriptivo Exploratorio con enfoque mixto; cualitativo - cuantitativo y se construye con un diagnóstico completo realizado en cuanto al manejo actual de residuos sólidos en la empresa, con el fin de establecer las medidas a implementar y estructurar un Plan de seguimiento a las actividades propuestas. Los resultados obtenidos a través del trabajo de campo e interacción con las diferentes personas y áreas objeto de estudio, permiten obtener un documento con el conjunto de medidas a implementar para que la empresa lo adopte y de alguna u otra forma pueda disminuir los impactos ambientales negativos que se puedan generar por un inadecuado manejo de residuos sólidos.

This research work is the development of an Integrated Management Plan for solid waste management in the company Cyrgo SAS, whose overall objective is to formulate the plan. The research methodology is designed descriptive exploratory type with mixed approach; qualitative - quantitative and built with a complete diagnosis made on the current solid waste management in the company, in order to establish the measures to implement and structure a monitoring plan proposed activities. The results obtained through fieldwork and interaction with different people and areas under study; allow obtaining a document with a set of measures to implement for the company to adopt it and some way to reduce the negative environmental impacts that may arise from improper handling of solid waste.

Este trabalho de investigação é a desenvolver de um plano de gestão abrangente para gestão de resíduos sólidos na companhia Cyrgo SAS, cujo objetivo geral encontra-se na formulação do plano. A metodologia projetado é pesquisa descritiva exploratório com abordagem mista descritiva; Qualitativo - quantitativa e constrói um diagnóstico completo feito sobre a atual gestão de resíduos sólidos na empresa, a fim de estabelecer as medidas a implementar e estruturar um plano de monitoramento propostos atividades. Os resultados obtidos através do trabalho de campo e interação com pessoas diferentes e áreas em estudo, permitem obter um documento com o conjunto de medidas a serem implementadas pela empresa para adotá-la e de alguma outra forma pode reduzir os impactos ambientais negativos que podem surgir a partir de manuseio inadequado de resíduos sólidos.

This work was to evaluate the influence of the organic compound in the production of plants capirona. The experiment was conducted at the Research Center Dale E. Bandy the IIAP Ucayali. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete (DCA) design with 5 treatments 3 replications and 10 plants per experimental unit, the treatments were: T1 [alluvial soil]; T2 [agricultural soil]; T3 [alluvial soil + agricultural soil (1: 1)]; T4 [alluvial soil + rice hull + chicken manure (1: 1: 1)] and T5 [agricultural soil + rice hull + chicken manure (1: 1: 1]. The variables evaluated at the end of the experiment were plant height (H) (cm), basal diameter (BD) (mm), number of leaves, relative height and basal diameter (H/BD), dry mass of the aerial part (DMAP) (g) dry weight of the root (DWR) (g) and quality index Dickson (QID). The results show that the T4 and T5 treatments, had higher significant differences in all variables evaluated in relation to other treatments. In that sense it is concluded that the substrates [alluvial soil + rice hull chicken manure] and [agricultural soil + rice hull + chicken manure], waste from animal and vegetable sources provided greater efficiency and better quality growth of plants capirona suitable for definitive field

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia del compuesto orgánico en la producción de plantas de capirona. El experimento fue realizado en el Centro de Investigaciones Dale E. Bandy del IIAP Ucayali. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos mediante un Diseño Completos al Azar (DCA), con 5 tratamientos 3 repeticiones y 10 plantas por unidad experimental, los tratamientos fueron: T1 [Tierra aluvial]; T2 [tierra agrícola]; T3 [Tierra aluvial + tierra agrícola (1:1)]; T4 [Tierra aluvial + cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza (1:1:1)] y T5 [Tierra Agrícola+ cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza (1:1:1]. Las variables evaluadas al final del experimento fueron altura de planta (H) (cm); diámetro basal (DB) (mm); número de hojas; relación altura y diámetro basal (H∕DB); masa seca de la parte aérea (MSPA) (g); masa seca de la raíz (MSR) (g) e índice de calidad de Dickson (IQD). Los resultados muestran que los tratamientos T4 y T5 presentaron diferencias significativas superiores en todas las variables evaluadas en relación a los otros tratamientos. En ese sentido se concluye que los sustratos [Tierra aluvial + cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza] y [Tierra Agrícola+ cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza], provenientes de residuos de origen animal y vegetal proporcionaron mayor eficiencia en el crecimiento y mejor calidad de plantas de capirona aptas para campo definitivo

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the voluntary intake and digestibility of three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L. Moench) hybrid silages in sheep. The hybrids used were H1 -BRS 655 (CMSXS 222 A × CMSXS 235 R), with tannin; H2 -(ATF54 A × CMSXS 235 R), without tannin; and H3 -BRS 610 (CMSXS 232 A × CMSXS 234 R), without tannin. The intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude protein (CP) were measured. Eighteen crossbred sheep weighing 59.4 kg (±8.3) were used in the trial. A completely randomized design with three treatments (hybrids) and six repetitions (sheep) was used. There were no differences in the DM intake or apparent digestibility among the hybrids. Silage of hybrid BRS 610 displayed higher digestibility coefficients for CP, NDF, ADF, and GE compared with the other silages, which did not differ from each other. The neutral detergent fiber, ADF and digestible energy (DE) intakes were similar among the hybrids silages. All of the hybrids resulted in a positive N balance in sheep. The levels of DE were superior in hybrid silage BRS 610 in comparison with the other hybrids. Sorghum hybrid BRS 610 silage exhibited superior nutritional value compared with the other hybrids, which is most likely in part due to the absence of tannins. Sorghum silage made with hybrid BRS 610 (CMSXS 232 A × CMSXS 234 R) presents superior gross energy, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility coefficients, as well as greater digestible energy levels than BRS 655 (CMSXS 222 A × CMSXS 235 R) and (ATF54 A × CMSXS 235 R).

OBJECTIVES: To assess the distribution of dementia subtypes in Brazil using a population-based clinicopathological study. METHOD: Brains from deceased individuals aged ≥50 years old were collected after the next of kin signed an informed consent form and provided information through standardized questionnaires. Post-mortem clinical diagnoses were established in consensus meetings, and only cases with moderate or severe dementia or without cognitive impairment were included in the analysis. Immunohistochemical neuropathological examinations were performed following the universally accepted guidelines. A diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was made when there were at least both a moderate density of neuritic plaques (Consortium to Establish a Register for Alzheimer's disease B or C) and Braak stage III for neurofibrillary tangle distribution. For the diagnosis of vascular dementia, at least three zones or strategic areas had to be affected by infarcts, lacunae, or microinfarcts. RESULTS: From 1,291 subjects, 113 cases were classified as having moderate or severe dementia, and 972 cases were free of cognitive impairment. The neuropathological diagnoses of the dementia sub-group were Alzheimer's disease (35.4%), vascular dementia (21.2%), Alzheimer's disease plus vascular dementia (13.3%), and other causes of dementia (30.1%). Small-vessel disease, which alone was not considered sufficient for a vascular dementia diagnosis, was present in 38.9% of all of the dementia cases and in 16.8% of the group without cognitive impairment (odds ratio = 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-5.51), adjusted for age, sex, and education. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high frequencies of vascular dementia and small-vessel disease in the dementia sub-group constitute relevant findings for public health initiatives because control of vascular risk factors could decrease the prevalence of dementia in developing countries.

Tephrology is a broad term that comprises all the aspects related to "tephra" studies (stratigraphy, chronology, petrology, sedimentology, chemistry, Froggat and Lowe, 1990; Lowe and Hunt, 2001) (Fig. 1). In Argentina, tephrological studies have significantly increased recently as a result of the increment in the Southern Andes volcanic activity affecting the country in the last two decades (E.g.: Corbella et al., 1991a,b; Stern, 1991; Mazzoni and Destéfano, 1992; Nillni et al., 1992; Gonzalez Ferrán, 1993; Naranjo et al., 1993; Scasso et al., 1994; Nillni and Bischene, 1995; Haberle and Lumley, 1998; Villarosa et al., 2002; Kilian et al., 2003; Naranjo and Stern, 2004; Orihashi et al., 2004; Stern, 2004; Scasso and Carey, 2005; Daga et al., 2008; Watt et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2009; Leonard et al., 2009; Rovere et al., 2009, 2011; Wilson et al., 2009, 2012). The eruption of Quizapú volcano (Volcanic Complex Azul-Descabezado Grande, Province of Talca, Chile, 36,67°S-70,77°W, maximum height of 3788 m a.s.l.), that occurred on April 10, 1932, represented one of the largest eruptions worldwide in the 20th Century. It affected extensive regions of Argentina as well as many coastal areas of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean as a result of the prevailing westerly winds, and specifically impacted dramatically in regions located nearby the source volcano (Department

El Volcán Quizapú es parte del Complejo Volcánico Cerro Azul-Descabezado Grande, ubicado en la Provincia de Talca, Chile (36,67°S - 70,77°O, altura máxima: 3788 m s.n.m.). La erupción del 10 de abril de 1932 fue uno de los mayores eventos volcánicos del siglo XX. Tuvo un carácter pliniano y arrojó un volumen de tefras entre 5 y 30 km³ (según diferentes autores), que por efecto de los vientos dominantes del oeste cubrieron gran parte de la región central de Argentina, llegando a la costa atlántica y afectando a otros países del este de Sudamérica. Los efectos climáticos y el impacto en las regiones más proximales del sur de Mendoza, particularmente en el Departamento de Malargüe, fueron muy significativos. El estudio de los eyectos constituye un campo de exploración de gran valor no solamente para conocer las características, alcances y efectos de esa erupción sino también para evaluar aspectos relacionados con la tefrología. En esta contribución se analiza un depósito de tefras en los alrededores de la Laguna Llancanelo, en las cercanías de Malargüe, una de las áreas más afectadas por la erupción. Las determinaciones sedimentológicas, mineralógicas y texturales (petrografía, microscopía electrónica y determinaciones químicas semicuantitativas con EDS) permitieron caracterizar la composición granulométrica, petrográfica y química semicuantitativa de las tefras. Estas características son afines a las de los materiales piroclásticos eyectados por la erupción del volcán Quizapú de 1932 estudiados por otros autores, por lo que se asignan a dicho evento volcánico. Las tefras depositadas en la zona de estudio son de tamaño arena muy fina a mediana con significativa cantidad de fracciones menores a 10 µm. Las trizas son pumíceas, fibrosas, con diferentes conformaciones morfológicas y abundante vesicularidad que favorece el entrampamiento de partículas menores en las vesículas de las mayores. La composición química revela un alto contenido de sílice que alcanza hasta cerca del 70% de los componentes, con alrededor de un 15% de Al y cantidades subordinadas de K, Na, Ca, Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe y Ti. Es notorio el alto contenido de K, asociado a un aumento relativo por desilicación de la tefra con el transcurso del tiempo. También son importantes los contenidos de Fe y Cu, en este último caso posiblemente asociado a transformaciones post-depositacionales por meteorización. La composición de las trizas señala una erupción de tipo pliniano magmática andesítico dacítica con contenido hidromagmático, intensa fragmentación y aglutinación durante el enfriamiento. Las evidencias de campo demostraron que la erupción afectó severamente la región sepultando y quemando suelos, carbonizando vegetación y cegando sectores marginales de la laguna. Estudios de esta naturaleza aportan a una clasificación sistemática y comparativa de la peligrosidad volcánica, considerando que las tefras resultantes de la erupción del Quizapú contienen hasta un 10% de partículas PM 10 (tamaño <10 µm) que corresponden a los tamaños "respirables" y en consecuencia altamente nocivos para la salud. Desde el enfoque socioeconómico, estos estudios sirven de base para su aplicación a otros eventos eruptivos muy recientes ocurridos en Argentina (volcanes Hudson, Copahue, Chaitén, Llaima, Peteroa y Puyehue-Cordón Caulle), y permiten elaborar metodologías específicas para analizar la peligrosidad de futuros eventos volcánicos.

Este estudo in vitro foi delineado para comparar a força gerada por cadeias elastoméricas e por molas fechadas de NiTi comercialmente disponíveis e para determinar seu padrão de degradação de forças. Para tal, 40 segmentos de cadeia elastomérica e 40 molas fechadas de NiTi foram divididas em 4 grupos de acordo com a marca comercial: (1) Morelli®, (2) Abzil®, (3) TP Orthodontics® e (4) American Orthodontics®. As amostras foram distendidas ao dobro de seu comprimento original e imersas em solução de saliva artificial a 37°C. Uma máquina de ensaio (Instron) foi utilizada para aferir a força inicial e em 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Os resultados mostraram que as cadeias elastoméricas liberaram uma força média inicial de 404 g para a marca TP Orthodontics®, 402 g para Abzil®, 351 g para American Orthodontics® e 347 g para Morelli®. As molas fechadas de NiTi geraram uma força média inicial de 223 g para a marca Morelli®, 216 g para Abzil®, 208 g para TP Orthodontics® e 196 g para American Orthodontics®. A percentagem média de degradação da força após 28 dias para as cadeias elastoméricas foi de 37,4% para TP Orthodontics®, 48,1% para American Orthodontics®, 65,4% para Morelli® e 71,6% para Abzil®. A percentagem média de degradação da força após 28 dias para as molas fechadas de NiTi foi de 22,6% para American Orthodontics®, 29,8% para Abzil®, 30,6% para Morelli® e 45,8% para TP Orthodontics®. Ao final do experimento, observaram-se diferenças significantes entre as cadeias elastoméricas e as molas fechadas de NiTi. Os resultados permitem recomendar as molas fechadas de NiTi estudadas como dispositivos mais adequados para movimentação dentária do que as cadeias elastoméricas.

This in vitro study was designed to compare the forces generated by commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs, and to determine their force decay pattern. Forty elastomeric chains and forty NiTi closed coil springs were divided into 4 groups according to the following manufacturers: (1) Morelli®, (2) Abzil®, (3) TP Orthodontics® and (4) American Orthodontics®. The specimens were extended to twice their original length and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C. Initial force was measured by means of an Instron universal testing machine and then at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results revealed that the elastomeric chains delivered a mean initial force of 347 g for Morelli®, 351 g for American Orthodontics®, 402 g for Abzil®, and 404 g for TP Orthodontics®. The NiTi closed coil springs generated a mean initial force of 196 g for American Orthodontics®, 208 g for TP Orthodontics®, 216 g for Abzil®, and 223 g for Morelli®. The mean percentage of force decay observed after 28 days for the elastomeric chains was 37.4% for TP Orthodontics®, 48.1% for American Orthodontics®, 65.4% for Morelli®, and 71.6% for Abzil®. After 28 days, the NiTi closed coil springs presented a mean percentage of force decay of 22.6% for American Orthodontics®, 29.8% for Abzil®, 30.6% for Morelli®, and 45.8% for TP Orthodontics®. At the end of the study, significant differences were observed between the elastomeric chains and the NiTi closed coil springs. The results indicated that the studied NiTi closed coil springs are more adequate for dental movement than the elastomeric chains.

In Peru, new cases of asymptomatic HCV infection are reported with certain frequency in patients with or without antecedents of blood transfusion. Although serologic screening has improved notoriously in the last years, there is still a population of polytransfused patients with high HCV risk (e.g. hemodialyzed patients), making up a major reservoir. Based on this premise, we decided to study the risk of the health worker population in Peru as another major HCV risk group. A total of 2,769 health workers from 7 Public Hospitals and 2 Private Hospitals in the City of Lima and from 7 Public Hospitals in 4 ajor/main cities of Peru (Chiclayo, Trujillo, Arequipa, and Cusco) were studied. All those workers, who due to their area of work had higher contact with blood and/or blood derivatives (Surgery, ICU, Traumatology, Gynecology, Gastroenterology, Hemodialysis and Laboratories-Blood Banks) were studied. The studied population accounts for 30% of the total health worker population in these services. All serums underwent the EIA-3 test (HCV-Cobas-Core, Lab. Roche, USA). The positive results were confirmed by RT-HCV (Ampiclor, Roche). The positive serums were confirmed by PCR and the positive results with high viral load underwent HCV genotyping (AMPICLOR - Roche Diagnostic, IGEN Diagnostic USA). Of the 2,769 health workers studied in Peru, 32 were positive for HCV antibodies (1.16% of the total number). Lima showed a prevalence slightly higher than the provinces: 26 out of 2,112 vs. 6 out of 657, or 1.23% vs. 0.91%, respectively. The higher risk is assumed by professional with higher level of contact with blood: 2 physicians (Hemodialysis), 5 nurses (HD) and Lab-Blood Bank technicians. The physicians and nurses share the same risk. If we segregate Lima from provinces, it can be seen that the highest risk is in Lima (1.34% compared to 1.07% in provinces). There is a major risk in health workers and the figures are slightly above those that were suspected for Peru (between 0.4 and 1.0). Finally, we can conclude that the group with the highest HCV risk among health workers is the group specialized in hemodialysis, followed by laboratory (1.79%), surgery (1.40%), and gastroenterology (0.8%). This is the first report at national level of HCV sero-prevalence in Peru.

En el Perú se reporta con cierta frecuencia nuevos casos de Hepatitis Viral C (HCV) asintomática en pacientes con o sin antecedentes de transfusión. Sin embargo a pesar que en los últimos años, los despistajes serológicos han mejorado notablemente, aún persiste una población de politransfundidos con alto riesgo de HCV hemodializados (HD) por ejemplo), representando un importante reservorio. Partiendo de esta premisa es que decidimos estudiar cuál es el riesgo que tiene la población de trabajadores de salud (TS) en el Perú como otro importante grupo de riesgo a la infección por HCV. Se estudió 2,769 TS de 8 Hospitales Generales y 2 Clínicas privadas de la ciudad de Lima y de 7 Hospitales generales de cuatro ciudades importantes del Perú (Chiclayo, Trujillo, Arequipa y Cusco). Se estudió a todos aquellos trabajadores que por su especialidad, tienen mayor contacto con sangre y/o derivados (Cirugía, UCI, Traumatología, Ginecología, Gastroenterología, Hemodiálisis y Laboratorio-Banco de sangre BS). La población estudiada corresponde a 30% de los TS total de los servicios. Todos los sueros fueron procesados por el test EIA-3 (HCV-Cobas-Core, Lab. Roche, USA), los positivos fueron confirmados por RT-HCV (Ampiclor, Roche) : los sueros positivos fueron confirmados por PCR y los positivos con carga viral alta se les hizo genotipaje HCV (AMPICLOR- Roche Diagnostic, IGEN Diagnostic USA). De los 2,769 trabajadores de salud estudiados en el Perú, 32 fueron positivos para anticuerpos HCV (1.16% del total). Lima presentó una prevalencia ligeramente mayor que los de provincias: 26 de 2,112 vs. 6 de 657 ó 1.23% vs. 0.91% respectivamente. El mayor riesgo lo tienen los profesionales con mayor contacto con sangre: 2 Médicos de HD, 5 enfermeras de HD y 3 técnicos de laboratorio-BS. Los médicos y las enfermeras comparten el mismo riesgo. Si separamos provincias de Lima, vemos que el mayor riesgo lo tiene ésta última (1.34% contra 1.07% en provincias).Existe un riesgo importante en trabajadores de salud y las cifras están ligeramente más elevadas de los valores que se sospechaban en el Perú (entre el 0.4 y 1.0) Finalmente, podemos concluir que el grupo de mayor riesgo de HCV en Trabajadores de Salud (TS) están en el personal de hemodiálisis (3.1%), le siguen los de laboratorio (1.79%), el de cirugía (1.40%) y gastroenterología (0.8%).

Os autores apresentam dezesseis pacientes portadores de cifose congênita que foram tratados pela artrose vertebral posterior.Utilizaram enxerto do osso ilíaco autógeno em doze casos e homólogo em quatro casos. Deambularam com aparelho gessado de Risser-Cotrel no pós-operatório por seis meses. A média de idade, na época da cirurgia, foi de 9,3 anos com valor angular médio da cifose pré-operatória de 50,44 graus (Cobb) e pós-operatória de 46, 94 graus (Cobb), com tempo médio de seguimento de 58,25 meses Foi constatado um caso de pseudoartrose em um paciente com curva de 69 graus (Cobb). Os resultados obtidos foram: Dez bons, quatro regulares e dois maus. Os autores alertam para a necessidade do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces.

The authors present sixteen patients with congenital kyphosis treated by posterior spinal arthrodesis. A homologous or autogenous iliac bone graft was used. The patients walked with Risser-Cotrel body cast in the 6 months of postoperatory period. The mean time of follow-up was 58,25 months and the mean age of the patients at time of surgery was 9,3 years. The mean angular value of the congenital kyphosis before surgery was 50,44º Cobb and after ther surgery it was 46,94º Cobb. One of the patients who had curve of 69º Cobb, presented pseudoarthrosis. The final results were good in 10, regular in 4 and bad in 2 patients. The need of the diagnostic and precocious treatment is recommended by authors.