Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados principales de una investigación sobre movilización de víctimas en la Argentina contemporánea. Es nuestro interés indagar sobre la legitimidad de la figura de las víctimas y familiares como principales portavoces de los reclamos de justicia que surgen de situaciones y casos de lo más diversos (violencia estatal, delitos, accidentes de tránsito, catástrofes, etc.). Las líneas de análisis están centradas en el trabajo específico que realizan las víctimas y familiares para producir un caso justiciable y judicial, en los procesos que dieron lugar a un devenir activista o generaron un compromiso político, y en la producción de la condición de víctima o victimización

Abstract This article presents the main results of our research on mobilization of victims in contemporary Argentina. It is our interest to inquire about the legitimacy of the figure of the victims and their families as the main spokespersons for the claims of justice that arise from situations and cases of great diversity (state violence, crimes, traffic accidents, catastrophes, etc.). The lines of analysis are centered on the specific work carried out by the victims and their families to produce a justiciable and judicial case; on the processes that gave rise to their becoming activists and/or generating a political commitment and on the production of the condition of victim or victimization.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os principais resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a mobilização de vítimas na Argentina contemporânea. É nosso interesse analisar a legitimidade da figura das vítimas e de seus familiares como principais porta-vozes das demandas de justiça que surgem a partir de situações e casos dos mais diversos (violência estatal, crimes, acidentes de trânsito, catástrofes, etc.). As linhas de análise estão focadas no trabalho específico realizado pelas vítimas e seus familiares para produzir uma ação justiçável e judicial; nos processos que deram origem a se tornar ativista ou geraram um compromisso político, e na produção da condição de vítima ou vitimização.

BACKGROUND Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Hemiptera-Reduviidae) is a triatomine species with a wide geographic distribution and a broad phenotypic variability. In some countries, this species is found infesting and colonising domiciliary ecotopes representing an epidemiological risk factor as a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease. In spite of this, little is known about P. rufotuberculatus genetic diversity. METHODS Cytogenetic studies and DNA sequence analyses of one nuclear (ITS-2) and two mitochondrial DNA sequences (cyt b and coI) were carried out in P. rufotuberculatus individuals collected in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico. Moreover, a geometric morphometrics study was applied to Bolivian, Colombian, Ecuadorian and French Guiana samples. OBJECTIVES To explore the genetic and phenetic diversity of P. rufotuberculatus from different countries, combining chromosomal studies, DNA sequence analyses and geometric morphometric comparisons. FINDINGS We found two chromosomal groups differentiated by the number of X chromosomes and the chromosomal position of the ribosomal DNA clusters. In concordance, two main morphometric profiles were detected, clearly separating the Bolivian sample from the other ones. Phylogenetic DNA analyses showed that both chromosomal groups were closely related to each other and clearly separated from the remaining Panstrongylus species. High nucleotide divergence of cyt b and coI fragments were observed among P. rufotuberculatus samples from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico (Kimura 2-parameter distances higher than 9%). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Chromosomal and molecular analyses supported that the two chromosomal groups could represent different closely related species. We propose that Bolivian individuals constitute a new Panstrongylus species, being necessary a detailed morphological study for its formal description. The clear morphometric discrimination based on the wing venation pattern suggests such morphological description might be conclusive.

MYV is a projected consulting organization, which has not been able to standardize the results of its executed projects. This document has identified the current status, determining positive aspects and improving the management of projects. To implement a project management office PMO is a recently worldwide practice; generating competitive advantages. The life cycle and the management of projects and portfolio were studied. The research carried out is of mixed type, with quantitative and qualitative tools, types of study descriptive and correlational, to develop the diagnosis of the current state to propose the appropriate PMO. Data was collected to determine the management status of portfolio, organizational culture, effectiveness, practices and maturity of project management. The results obtained were statistically assessed, obtaining interesting effects and great opportunities for improvement. Likewise, it was determined that the maturity in the project management has a basic knowledge degree, with advances in own methodology and continuous improvement, which must be complemented, with a promising future in development to continue with the process followed. Based on the foregoing, the implementation of a strategic PMO proposed, whose degree of maturity is reached within a maximum period of two years, with a strategic map of the PMO and a proposal for modification of the organizational structure and PMO, as well as the implementation plan in times, metrics, risks and associated costs. It is concluded that the research work carried out answers the questions posed and projects an PMO adjusted to the organizational culture found.

MYV es una organización de consultoría proyectizada que no ha logrado estandarizar los resultados de sus proyectos ejecutados. Este estudio ha identificado el estado actual, determinando aspectos positivos y por mejorar. Implementar una Oficina de Gestión de Proyectos OGP es una práctica común a nivel mundial recientemente, generando ventajas competitivas. Se estudia el ciclo de vida y gestión de proyectos y portafolio, diferentes modelos de buenas prácticas, tipos y clasificaciones de OGP, la cultura organizacional es factor crítico de éxito. El estudio es de tipo mixto, con herramientas cuantitativas y cualitativas, tipos de estudio descriptivo y correlacional, para el diagnóstico del estado actual y plantear la propuesta de OGP adecuada. Se recolectaron datos para determinar el estado de gestión del portafolio, cultura organizacional, efectividad, prácticas y madurez de la gestión de proyectos. Los resultados fueron valorados estadísticamente obteniendo efectos interesantes y grandes oportunidades de mejora, alta correlación entre las variables; igualmente, se determinó que la madurez en la gestión tiene grado de conocimiento básico, con avances en metodología propia y mejora continua, que deben ser complementados, con futuro prometedor en desarrollo, de continuar con el proceso hasta ahora seguido. Como resultado se plantea la implementación de OGP estratégica, cuyo grado de madurez se logre en un plazo máximo de dos años, planteando mapa estratégico de OGP y propuesta de modificación de la estructura organizacional y de la OGP, así como el plan de implementación en tiempos, métricas, riesgos y costos asociados. Se responde las preguntas planteadas y proyecta una OGP ajustada a la cultura organizacional encontrada.

The subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) includes 150 species of blood-sucking insects, vectors of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis. Karyotypic information reveals a striking stability in the number of autosomes. However, this group shows substantial variability in genome size, the amount and distribution of C-heterochromatin, and the chromosome positions of 45S rDNA clusters. Here, we analysed the karyotypes of 41 species from six different genera with C-fluorescence banding in order to evaluate the base-pair richness of heterochromatic regions. Our results show a high heterogeneity in the fluorescent staining of the heterochromatin in both autosomes and sex chromosomes, never reported before within an insect subfamily with holocentric chromosomes. This technique allows a clear discrimination of the heterochromatic regions classified as similar by C-banding, constituting a new chromosome marker with taxonomic and evolutionary significance. The diverse fluorescent patterns are likely due to the amplification of different repeated sequences, reflecting an unusual dynamic rearrangement in the genomes of this subfamily. Further, we discuss the evolution of these repeated sequences in both autosomes and sex chromosomes in species of Triatominae.

Domestic buffaloes are divided into two group based on cytogenetic characteristics and habitats: the "river buffaloes" with 2n = 50 and the "swamp buffaloes", 2n = 48. Nevertheless, their hybrids are viable, fertile and identified by a 2n = 49. In order to have a better characterization of these different cytotypes of buffaloes, and considering that NOR-bearing chromosomes are involved in the rearrangements responsible for the karyotypic differences, we applied silver staining (Ag-NOR) and performed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments using 18S rDNA as probe. Metaphases were obtained through blood lymphocyte culture of 21 individuals, including river, swamp and hybrid cytotypes. Ag-NOR staining revealed active NORs on six chromosome pairs (3p, 4p, 6, 21, 23, 24) in the river buffaloes, whereas the swamp buffaloes presented only five NOR-bearing pairs (4p, 6, 20, 22, 23). The F1 crossbreed had 11 chromosomes with active NORs, indicating expression of both parental chromosomes. FISH analysis confirmed the numerical divergence identified with Ag-NOR. This result is explained by the loss of the NOR located on chromosome 4p in the river buffalo, which is involved in the tandem fusion with chromosome 9 in this subspecies. A comparison with the ancestral cattle karyotype suggests that the NOR found on the 3p of the river buffalo may have originated from a duplication of ribosomal genes, resulting in the formation of new NOR sites in this subspecies.

In this study, we used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to determine the chromosomal location of 45S rDNA clusters in 10 species of the tribe Rhodniini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). The results showed striking inter and intraspecific variability, with the location of the rDNA clusters restricted to sex chromosomes with two patterns: either on one (X chromosome) or both sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes). This variation occurs within a genus that has an unchanging diploid chromosome number (2n = 22, including 20 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes) and a similar chromosome size and genomic DNA content, reflecting a genome dynamic not revealed by these chromosome traits. The rDNA variation in closely related species and the intraspecific polymorphism in Rhodnius ecuadoriensis suggested that the chromosomal position of rDNA clusters might be a useful marker to identify recently diverged species or populations. We discuss the ancestral position of ribosomal genes in the tribe Rhodniini and the possible mechanisms involved in the variation of the rDNA clusters, including the loss of rDNA loci on the Y chromosome, transposition and ectopic pairing. The last two processes involve chromosomal exchanges between both sex chromosomes, in contrast to the widely accepted idea that the achiasmatic sex chromosomes of Heteroptera do not interchange sequences.