Abstract In the last five decades, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and their interactions with the host. The impact of an individual periodontal condition on systemic homeostasis became more evident because of this knowledge and prompted advances in studies that associate periodontitis with systemic diseases and conditions. The term Periodontal Medicine describes how periodontal infection/inflammation can affect extraoral health. This review presents the current scientific evidence on the most investigated associations between periodontitis and systemic diseases and conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, preterm birth and low birth weight, and pneumonia. Additionally, other associations between periodontitis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease that were recently published and are still poorly studied were described. Thus, the aim of this review was to answer the following question: What is the future of Periodontal Medicine? Epidemiological evidence and the evidence of biological plausibility between periodontitis and general health reinforce the rationale that the study of Periodontal Medicine should continue to advance, along with improvements in the epidemiological method, highlighting the statistical power of the studies, the method for data analysis, the case definition of periodontitis, and the type of periodontal therapy to be applied in intervention studies.

Abstract Background: Variability in snake venoms is a well-studied phenomenon. However, sex-based variation of Bothrops atrox snake venom using siblings is poorly investigated. Bothrops atrox is responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents in the Brazilian Amazon region. Differences in the venom composition of Bothrops genus have been linked to several factors such as ontogeny, geographical distribution, prey preferences and sex. Thus, in the current study, venom samples of Bothrops atrox male and female siblings were analyzed in order to compare their biochemical and biological characteristics. Methods: Venoms were collected from five females and four males born from a snake captured from the wild in São Bento (Maranhão, Brazil), and kept in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Butantan Intitute. The venoms were analyzed individually and as a pool of each gender. The assays consisted in protein quantification, 1-DE, mass spectrometry, proteolytic, phospholipase A2, L-amino acid oxidase activities, minimum coagulant dose upon plasma, minimum hemorrhagic dose and lethal dose 50%. Results: Electrophoretic profiles of male’s and female’s venom pools were quite similar, with minor sex-based variation. Male venom showed higher LAAO, PLA2 and hemorrhagic activities, while female venom showed higher coagulant activity. On the other hand, the proteolytic activities did not show statistical differences between pools, although some individual variations were observed. Meanwhile, proteomic profile revealed 112 different protein compounds; of which 105 were common proteins of female’s and male’s venom pools and seven were unique to females. Despite individual variations, lethality of both pools showed similar values. Conclusion: Although differences between female and male venoms were observed, our results show that individual variations are significant even between siblings, highlighting that biological activities of venoms and its composition are influenced by other factors beyond gender.

OBJECTIVE: Verification of the presence of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors to Arterial System Hypertension (ASH) in patients who had suffered Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). METHOD: Descriptive study, quantitative performed in a SAH Unit of a hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil. 75 patients diagnosed with SAH and attacked by CVA, hospitalized in this same unit, composed the sample. The data was collected through interviews with the patients, then exposed in frequency datasheets. Study approved by the Ethics Committee. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Non-modifiable factors: male (61,4%), age above 60 years old (48%), family background of cardiovascular diseases (68%) and white-skinned (64%). Modifiable factors: unhealthy diet (64%), sedentary lifestyle (92%), smoking (20%), regular consumption of alcoholic beverages (21,3%), and inadequate use of medication (41,3%). CONCLUSION: CVA victims have modifiable factors related to ASH, forcing the nursing professionals to develop strategies to the population that carries ASH to the reduction of these factors and prevention of cardiovascular implications.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la presencia de factores de riesgo no cambiables y cambiables para la Hipertensión Arterial General (HAS) en los pacientes que padecieron un Accidente Cerebrovascular. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo realizado en una Unidad de Accidente Cerebrovascular de un hospital , Fortaleza - CE. El mostreo se compuso de 75 pacientes enfermizos por Hipertensión Arterial General (Has) bajo un accidente Cerebrovascular, ingresados en dicho hospital. Se han cogido los datos por medio de entrevistas a los pacientes, cuyos resultados estuvieron expuestos en recuadros de frecuencia. Con la aprobación del juzgado de ética. RESULTADOS Y TERTULIA: Factores no cambiables : sexo masculino (61,4%), franja etaria > 60 años(48%), antecedentes familiares con enfermedades cardiovasculares (68%) y el color da la piel blanca(64%), sedentarismo (92%), tabaquismo (20%), etilismo (21,3%) y el uso indebido de medicinas (41,3%). CONCLUSIÓN: Víctimas de Accidentes Cerebrovascular poseen características cambiables para HAS, los profesionales de enfermería deben desarrollar estrategias junto a la población portadora de HAS para que se reduzcan esos factores y logren la prevención de las complicaciones cardiovasculares.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a presença de fatores de risco não-modificáveis e modificáveis para a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) nos pacientes que tiveram um Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE). MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo realizado em uma unidade de AVE de um hospital, Fortaleza-CE. Compôs a amostra 75 pacientes portadores de HAS acometidos por um AVE, internados na referida unidade. Coletou-se os dados por meio de entrevista ao paciente Os resultados foram expostos em tabelas de frequência. Aprovado pelo comitê de ética. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Fatores não modificáveis: sexo masculino (61,4%), faixa etária >60 anos(48%), antecedentes familiares com doenças cardiovasculares(68%) e cor da pele branca(64%). Fatores modificáveis: alimentação não saudável (64%), sedentarismo (92%), tabagismo (20%), etilismo (21,3%) e uso inadequado da medicação (41,3%). CONCLUSÃO: Vítimas de AVE possuem fatores modificáveis para a HAS, cabendo aos profissionais enfermeiros desenvolver estratégias com a população portadora de HAS para redução desses fatores e prevenção de complicações cardiovasculares.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a estrutura populacional e os efeitos causados pela endogamia, em um rebanho fechado da raça Nelore da linhagem Lemgruber. O arquivo de pedigree avaliado incluiu registros de 39.290 animais, 17.646 machos e 21.644 fêmeas, nascidos entre 1951 e 2007. A estrutura da população foi analisada com uso dos programas Poprep e Endog, tendo-se determinado algum nível de endogamia em 61,82% dos animais. O valor do F médio foi 3,02% para toda a população e 4,89% para os animais endogâmicos; e o F máximo foi de 37,5%. O número de ancestrais que contribuiu para a população referência foi 2.380 animais, dos quais apenas sete explicam 50% da variabilidade genética da população. O número efetivo de fundadores (Nf) e o número efetivo de ancestrais (Na) nessa população foram 25 e 21, respectivamente. O incremento esperado de endogamia, causado pela contribuição desequilibrada dos fundadores, foi de 1,62%. A estrutura populacional do rebanho apresenta envelhecimento dos reprodutores, com consequente aumento no intervalo de gerações, além de um contínuo incremento de endogamia e alta percentagem de indivíduos endogâmicos, fatos que comprometem o ganho genético anual e que devem merecer maior atenção dos selecionadores.

The objective of this work was to determine the population structure and the effects caused by inbreeding in a closed herd of Nellore cattle of the Lemgruber line. The pedigree file included records of 39,290 animal, 17,646 males and 21,644 females, born between 1951 and 2007. The population structure was analysed using the software Poprep and Endog, which resulted in some level of inbreeding for 61,82% of the animals. The average F value was 3.02% for the whole population and 4.89% for the inbred animals; and F maximum value was 37.5%. The number of ancestors that contributed to the reference population was 2,380 animals, from which only seven explained 50% of the genetic variability of the population. The effective number of founders (Nf) and the effective number of ancestors (Na) in this population were, respectively, 25 and 21. The expected increase of inbreeding, caused by the unbalanced contribution of founders, was 1.62%. The herd populational structure shows the aging of the breeders, with a consequent increase of the generation´s interval, as well as a continuous increase of inbreeding and a high percentage of inbred individuals. Such facts compromise the annual genetic gain and should deserve a closer attention from breeders.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da relação volumoso: concentrado sobre ganho de peso e conversão alimentar e determinar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de 25 e 20 novilhos mestiços, com 310 kg PV médio inicial, respectivamente. Cinco dietas foram fornecidas à vontade, à base de feno de capim-tanzânia e concentrado, em diferentes proporções de volumoso:concentrado (85:15; 70:30; 55:45; 40:60; e 25:75). A análise de regressão dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro, proteína bruta e energia bruta, em função do nível de concentrado na dieta, apresentou efeito quadrático e os coeficientes máximos estimados foram de 67, 70, 51, 42, 74 e 69%, para os níveis de 54, 58, 28, 12, 34 e 77,0% de concentrado na dieta, respectivamente. O ganho médio diário de PV (GMD) elevou-se linearmente com o aumento do nível de concentrado na dieta. Observaram-se incrementos de 0,00895 kg/dia no GMD para cada aumento percentual do nível de concentrado na dieta, entre 15 e 75%. Nesta mesma faixa, a conversão alimentar da MS, PB e EB melhorou 0,08; 0,011468; e 0,50646, respectivamente, para cada aumento percentual do nível de concentrado na dieta. A máxima digestão dos nutrientes para a máxima eficiência de utilização ocorreu com níveis de ingestão de FDN variando de 1,25 a 1,02% PV para novilhos mestiços.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the forage to concentrate ratio on the weight gain and feed: gain, and to determine the apparent digestibility of the nutrients of 25 and 20 crossbred steers averaging 310 kg LW, respectively. Five full fed diets based on tanzaniagrass hay and concentrate, with different forage to concentrate ratio (85:15, 70:30, 55:45; 40:60; and 25:75) were used. The regression analysis of the coefficienties of apparent digestible dry matter, digestible organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, digestible protein and gross energy in function of the concentrate level in the diets presented quadratic effect and the maximum estimated coefficienties were 67.0, 70.0, 51.0 42.0 74.0 and 69.0 %, for the levels of 54, 58, 28, 12, 34 e 77 % of concentrate in the diets, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG) linearly increased with the increase of the concentrate level in the diets. There was an increase of 0.00895 kg/day in the ADG for each percent increase on the concentrate level in the diets, from 15.0 to 75.0 %. In the same range, the feed: gain of DM, CP, and GE increased 0.08; 0.011468; and 0,50646, respectively, for each percent increase on the concentrate level in the diets. The maximum nutrient digestion for the maximum efficiency of nutrient utilization occurred with the intake of neutral detergent fiber ranged from 1.25 to 1.02% LW for crossbred steers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da relação volumoso: concentrado sobre a ingestão dos nutrientes de 25 novilhos mestiços, com 310 kg peso vivo (PV) médio inicial. Foram usadas cinco rações à base de feno de capim-tanzânia e concentrado, em diferentes proporções de volumoso:concentrado (85:15; 70:30; 55:45; 40:60; e 25:75). Observou-se efeito quadrático do nível de concentrado sobre a ingestão de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB), com ingestões máxima para MS de 2,87% PV; MO, 118g/kg0,75 e 2,7% PV; PB, 1,52 kg/dia; 18,2 g/kg0,75; e 0,42% PV e EB, 536 Kcal/ kg0,75, para os níveis 39, 44, 42, 43, 39, 38 e 46% de concentrado, respectivamente. Observou-se efeito quadrático para ingestão de MS digestível (MSD), MO digestível (MOD), proteína digestível (PD) e energia digestível (ED), com ingestões máximas para MSD de 7,07; 83,8; e 1,91; MOD, 6,91; 81,4, e 1,86; e PD, 1,13; 13,4; e 0,31, em kg/dia, g/kg0,75 e % PV, para os níveis de 52, 49, 48, 54, 51, 50, 41, 28 e 37% de concentrado, respectivamente. Para ED, as ingestões máximas foram de 30,6 Mcal/dia e 356 kcal/kg0,75, para os níveis de 62 e 57% de concentrado na dieta, respectivamente. A maximização da ingestão de nutrientes digestíveis para a máxima eficiência de utilização ocorreu com níveis de ingestão de FDN variando de 1,25 a 1,02% PV para novilhos mestiços.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the forage to concentrate ratio in the nutrient intake by 25 crossbred steers with initial 310 kg LW. Five full fed diets based on tanzaniagrass hay and concentrate, with different forage to concentrate ratio (85:15, 70:30, 55:45; 40:60; and 25:75) were used. A quadratic effect was observed for the concentrate level in the diet on the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and, gross energy (GE), with a maximum intake for DM, 2.87% PV; OM, 118 g/w0,75 e 2.7% PV; CP, 1.52 kg/day; 18.2 g/w0,75; and 0.42% PV e GE, 536 Kcal/ w0,75, for the levels of 39; 44, 42; 43; 39, e 38 e 46% of concentrate, respectively. A quadratic effect was observed for the digestible dry matter (DDM), digestible organic matter (DOM), digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (ED), with a maximum intake for DDM of 7.07; 83.8; and 1.91; DOM, 6.91; 81.4, and 1.86; and DP, 1.13; 13.4; e 0.31, in kg/day, g/w0,75 and %LW, respectively, for the levels of 52, 49, 48, 54, 51, 50, 41, 28 e 37% of concentrate. For DE, the maximum intake were 30.6 Mcal/day and 356 kcal/ w0,75 , for the levels of 62.0 and 57.0% of concentrate, respectively. The maximization of the digestible nutrient intake for the maximum efficiency of nutrient utilization occurred with the intake of NDF ranged from 1.25 to 1.02% LW for crossbred steers