ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomines. Historical information from the 20th century demonstrates T. cruzi records in the metropolitan region of Salvador (MRS), the third largest urban agglomeration in the Brazilian Northeast and the eighth largest in Brazil, an area with intense migratory activity from CD-endemic regions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate CD indicators (prevalence and mortality) in the MRS. Methods: A mixed ecological and descriptive study was conducted using secondary data. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2015: deaths due to CD, self-reported cases of CD, and blood donors that were non-negative for T. cruzi infection. Results: São Francisco do Conde was one of the municipalities with the highest mortality rates due to CD. The seroprevalence rates varied by year and municipality; those with the highest values were 2008: Vera Cruz, 2009: Mata de São João, 2010: Dias D'Ávila, 2011 and 2015: São Francisco do Conde, 2012: São Sebastião do Passé, and 2013 and 2014: Pojuca. Spatial correlations between the municipalities were not detected. Conclusions: We conclude that CD is present in the MRS. The indicators analyzed in the MRS are below-state-level data. Given the importance of indicator analysis for the surveillance and control of CD at the state and national levels, it is important to strengthen the surveillance program at the municipal level, including the regions classified as low risk for T. cruzi vector transmission.

Resumo O artigo examina como Ribeiro Sanches interpretou a história da monarquia portuguesa do final da Idade Média até a segunda metade do século XVIII, período em que o autor redigiu seus trabalhos. Verifica-se a semelhança de sua produção com as análises ilustradas a respeito de outras monarquias europeias, em especial a francesa, o que permite definir sua obra como uma contribuição para a “história filosófica” das Luzes. Por outro lado, investiga-se em que medida sua análise histórica buscou respostas para os problemas enfrentados pela camada dirigente do Império português. Sendo assim, o presente estudo procura demonstrar como a contribuição de Ribeiro Sanches para a “história filosófica” foi uma tentativa de compreender a suposta decadência portuguesa desde o fim da Renascença.

Abstract: The article examines how Ribeiro Sanches interpreted the history of the Portuguese monarchy from the late Middle Ages until the second half of the 18th century, when the author wrote his works. The similarity of his production is attested to with the illustrated analyzes of other European monarchies, especially that of the French, which permits us to define his work as a contribution to the "philosophical history" of the Enlightenment. On the other hand, we investigate to what extent his historical analysis sought answers to the problems faced by the ruling class of the Portuguese Empire. Therefore, the present study aims to demonstrate how Ribeiro Sanches' contribution to "philosophical history" was an attempt to understand the supposed Portuguese decadence since the end of the Renaissance.

RESUMO O artigo analisa a dimensão disciplinar das propostas de António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches para a reforma da educação em Portugal durante o período pombalino (1750-1777). Ribeiro Sanches foi um médico português do século XVIII, afinado com a Ilustração, que viveu e trabalhou em diversos países da Europa. Redigiu trabalhos sobre Medicina e Saúde Pública, mas também elaborou obras que tratavam de instrução e políticas educacionais. Defendeu a laicização do ensino e foi uma das referências para a reforma da educação portuguesa provida pelo Marquês de Pombal. Além de propor mudanças institucionais e curriculares com o objetivo de organizar um sistema educacional controlado pelo Estado, realizou uma significativa reflexão a respeito da disciplina escolar e, em seus comentários, é possível identificar uma preocupação com o controle do corpo e das emoções. A educação, na perspectiva do autor, teria papel decisivo na assimilação, por parte dos indivíduos, das “virtudes” essenciais para a vida civil. Ao apresentar os procedimentos educacionais que incutiriam tais “virtudes”, Ribeiro Sanches delineia um conjunto de estratégias de autocontrole pensadas como imprescindíveis para a ordem social e os negócios públicos.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the disciplinary dimension inside the proposals of Antônio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches for the Educational Reformation in Portugal during Pombaline Era. (1750-1777). Ribeiro Sanches was a Portuguese physician from the 18th century, shaped by the Enlightenment, he lived and worked in several European countries. He has written articles about medicine and health service, but also has elaborated articles in order to deal with instruction and educational policies. He has defended the teaching laicization and became one of the references for the Portuguese educational reformation provided by Marquis of Pombal. In addition to proposing institutional and curricular changes in order to organize the educational system controlled by the State, he fulfilled a meaningful reflection about the scholar discipline and, within his commentaries, it is possible to identify a concern with the control of the body and emotions. Education, in the author’s perspective, plays a crucial role in absorbing the essential “virtues” of life within a society. By presenting the educational procedures which would infuse these “virtues”, Ribeiro Sanches outlines a set of self-controlled strategies thought as vital to the social order and public business.

O artigo analisa as representações do sertão presentes nas obras dos viajantes e naturalistas August de Saint-Hilaire e Johann von Spix & Carl von Martius, que percorreram a América portuguesa no início do século XIX. A investigação restringe-se aos relatos de viagens pelo interior das províncias de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Goiás. Os naturalistas, orientados pelos referenciais da cultura européia, esforçaram-se para conhecer e compreender regiões que ainda não eram consideradas civilizadas, mas estavam na fronteira da colonização. O sertão, definido como ambiente bárbaro e desértico, representa um desafio para os cientistas, que projetavam o progresso da sociedade brasileira.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the representations of the backlands in the works by travelers and naturalists August de Saint-Hilaire and Johann von Spix & Carl von Martius, who traveled Portuguese America in the early 19th century. This study exclusively investigates the travel records from trips taken to the interior of the provinces of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais and Goias. The naturalists, led by European cultural references, strove to recognize and understand the areas which were still not considered civilized and yet were at the frontiers of colonization. The backlands, defined as a barbarian and desertic environment, poses a challenge for the scientists, who projected the progress of Brazilian society.

O artigo discute como a filosofia francesa do século XVIII interpreta a multiplicidade de experiências sociais existentes no planeta em um momento de retomada da expansão européia e de concepção da idéia de história da humanidade. Debate especialmente a representação ilustrada da China, entendida como modelo de vida civilizada diverso do europeu, e dos povos supostamente selvagens da América e da África, pensados como exemplos de sociedades primitivas. Confere particular atenção aos textos de Voltaire, Montesquieu e Rousseau.

This paper discusses how the XVIIIth century French philosophy interpreted the multiplicity of social experiences existing on the planet in a moment of renewal of the European expansion and of the conception of the idea of a history of mankind. It especially debates the illustrated representation of China, taken as a model of civilized life diverse from the European one, and of the supposedly savage peoples of America and Africa, considered as examples of primitive societies. It particularly focuses on texts by Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau.