Resumen El COVID-19 ha provocado consecuencias negativas en la salud mental de los docentes, especialmente ante la instrumentación de un regreso gradual a actividades presenciales. El objetivo del estudio fue validar la estructura factorial de los instrumentos: escala de preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 (EPCov-19), escala de estrés percibido relacionado con la pandemia de COVID-19 (EEP-10-C) y escala de fatalismo ante la posibilidad de contagio por el coronavirus (F-COVID-19) en docentes mexicanos del nivel medio superior, superior y posgrado. Participaron 276 docentes de diferentes estados de México, de entre 24 y 77 años (M = 46.88; DE = 10.62), quienes respondieron una ficha de identificación, además de las escalas EPCov-19, EEP-10-C y F-COVID-19. La validez de constructo de las escalas se calculó a través de análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, previo a estos, se llevó a cabo un análisis paralelo. La consistencia interna se obtuvo mediante α de Cronbach y ω de McDonald. Se detectó que cada una de las escalas posee una estructura unifactorial, que explican entre el 53 % y 78 % de la varianza y poseen una consistencia interna de elevada a muy elevada. Las escalas presentan adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y pueden ser utilizadas en docentes mexicanos.

Abstract COVID-19 has shown negative consequences on the mental health of teachers, especially because of the implementation of a gradual return to mostly face-to-face activities. The objective of the study was to identify the factorial structure of the instruments: COVID-19 Concern Scale (EPCov-19), Pandemic-Related Perceived Stress Scale of Covid-19 (EEP-10-C), and the Fatalism by COVID-19 Scale (F-COVID-19) in Mexican teachers at high school, higher and postgraduate levels. Method. 276 teachers from different states of Mexico, from 24 to 77 years old participated (M = 46.88; SD = 10.62) who answered an identification form, the EPCov-19, EEP-10-C and F-COVID-19. The construct validity of the scales was calculated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, prior to these, a parallel analysis was carried out. Internal consistency was obtained using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. Results. It was detected that each of the scales has a unifactorial structure, which explains between 53% and 78% of the variance and has a high to very high internal consistency. Conclusions. The scales have adequate psychometric properties and can be used in Mexican teachers.

Resumen Antecedentes: La expresión de empatía mejora la calidad de la atención a la salud, y por ello se sugiere su instrucción durante los años de formación académica de estudiantes de medicina. No obstante, la expresión de empatía también puede ocasionar ansiedad y perjudicar el bienestar psicológico. Objetivo: Identificar perfiles que describan la relación entre empatía, ansiedad y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. Método: Estudio transversal en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina que completaron la Escala Multidimensional de Empatía, el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck y la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos. Resultados: Las mujeres presentaron mayor empatía y ansiedad, y menor bienestar psicológico (p < 0.01). La ansiedad en estudiantes del último año de formación fue menor que en los estudiantes de primer y segundo año (p < 0.01). Se detectaron cuatro perfiles: 1) hombres, ansiedad mínima, empatía baja; 2) estudiantes de primer año de formación, ansiedad moderada a grave, bienestar psicológico bajo, empatía alta; 3) último año de formación, ansiedad leve, bienestar psicológico adecuado, empatía media; 4) mujeres, segundo y tercer años de formación, muy alta empatía. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de medicina del primer año de formación constituyen una población de riesgo. Son necesarias estrategias de atención para este grupo estudiantil.

Abstract Background: The expression of empathy improves the quality of health care, which is why its instruction is suggested during the years of academic training of medical students. However, expressing empathy can also cause anxiety and impair psychological well-being. Objective: To identify profiles that describe the relationship between empathy, anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. Method: Cross-sectional study in Mexican medical students completed the Multidimensional Empathy Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults. Results: Women presented greater empathy and anxiety and lower psychological well-being (p < 0.01). Anxiety in students of the last year of training was lower compared to students of the first and second year (p < 0.01). Four profiles were detected: 1) men, minimal anxiety, low empathy; 2) first-year students, moderate to severe anxiety, low psychological well-being, high empathy; 3) last year of training, mild anxiety, adequate psychological well-being, medium empathy; 4) women, second and third year of training, very high empathy. Conclusions: Medical students in their first year of training constitute a population at risk. Attention strategies are necessary for this student group.

Resumo O estudo analisa as oportunidades de crescimento e desenvolvimento das cidades do estado de São Paulo, considerando a complexidade econômica. Nossa hipótese é que a heterogeneidade estrutural no Brasil, e em São Paulo, cria desigualdades regionais. Portanto, as cidades têm diferentes trajetórias de desenvolvimento, dependendo de suas atuais capacidades econômicas e estruturas produtivas. O nível de complexidade econômica é a medida da capacidade de uma economia de produzir bens com um nível mais alto (ou mais baixo) de conhecimento embutido. A aplicação dessa teoria em cidades do estado de São Paulo indica níveis de complexidade substancialmente desiguais no território estadual, com os melhores indicadores concentrados em cidades como São Paulo e Campinas. Foi encontrada uma correlação entre o nível atual de complexidade dos municípios, seus níveis de produção e perspectiva de complexidade. Assim, a partir das oportunidades potenciais apresentadas para cada município e seu engajamento nesse processo de transformação, as cidades se desenvolverão a velocidades diferentes, podendo aprofundar as desigualdades já existentes.

Abstract The study analyzes the growth and development opportunities for cities in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, considering economic complexity. Our hypothesis is that the structural heterogeneity in Brazil, and in São Paulo, creates regional inequality. Therefore, cities have different development trajectories depending on their current economic capacities and productive structures. The level of economic complexity is the measurement of an economy’s ability to produce goods with a higher (or lower) level of embedded knowledge. Applying this theory to cities in the state of São Paulo indicates substantially unequal levels of complexity in the state territory, with the best indicators centered around cities such as São Paulo and Campinas. A correlation was found between the municipalities’ current level of complexity, their levels of production, and complexity outlook. Thus, based on the opportunities presented for each municipality and their engagement in this transformation process, cities will develop at different speeds and inequalities will emerge.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the associated factors that condition perinatal complications in pregnant adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, case series study conducted in pregnant adolescents attended at the Hospital General de la Zona 6, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, between March 2020 and March 2021. Perinatal complications were evaluated and classified as: maternal during pregnancy, labor and puerperium. And perinatal complications in the neonate. Obstetric history (pregnancies, deliveries, cesarean sections, abortions and complications) was also taken into account. The test of 2 was used and logistic regression was performed for statistically significant variables. RESULTS: A total of 287 clinical records were evaluated and a statistically significant association was found between perinatal complications and pregnancies without prenatal control. 49.8% of the adolescents had perinatal complications during pregnancy, 24.4% in labor, and 0.3% in the puerperium, while 25.4% experienced no complications. CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that the total or partial lack of prenatal control, together with the fact of being multigestational, single, consuming alcohol, living with parents and being in early adolescence were risk factors for perinatal complications in pregnancy. At this stage of life, pregnancy is associated with various sociodemographic factors that favor perinatal complications.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados que condicionan complicaciones perinatales en las adolescentes embarazadas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo, efectuado en adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital General de la Zona 6, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2021. Se evaluaron las complicaciones perinatales que se clasificaron en: maternas durante el embarazo, trabajo de parto y puerperio. Y perinatales en el neonato. También se tomaron en cuenta los antecedentes obstétricos (embarazos, partos, cesáreas, abortos y complicaciones). Se utilizó la prueba de χ2 y en las variables estadísticamente significativas se llevó a cabo regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 287 expedientes clínicos y se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las complicaciones perinatales y los embarazos sin control prenatal. El 49.8% de las adolescentes tuvieron complicaciones perinatales durante el embarazo, 24.4% en el trabajo de parto y el 0.3% en el puerperio, mientras que el 25.4% no experimentó complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: Es evidente que la falta total o parcial de control prenatal, aunada al hecho de ser multigesta, soltera, consumir alcohol, vivir con los padres y encontrarse en la adolescencia temprana fueron factores de riesgo de complicaciones perinatales en el embarazo. En esta etapa de la vida el embarazo se asocia con diversos factores sociodemográficos que favorecen las complicaciones perinatales.

ABSTRACT Background: the COVID-19 disease caused the need to carry out a series of important modifications in the teaching-learning process in higher medical education, mainly in the conditions of distance learning. Objective: to evaluate the achievement of meaningful learning from the extra class work designed by the group of the Psychology subject of Guantánamo University of Medical Sciences in the context of COVID-19. Methods: a pedagogical research within the quantitative-qualitative approach was carried out in the period from March to September 2020. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic, transition from the abstract to the concrete and inductive-deductive; empirical ones: criteria of users, by means of a survey applied to the teachers of the subject, analysis of contents expressed in the extra-class work and the brainstorming technique, as well as statistical mathematical methods for the absolute and relative values. Results: brainstorming led to the integration of essential contents of the subject into the teaching task under the use of problem-solving methods and independent work. The potentialities of virtual learning environments were exploited. Using the criteria of specialists, the teachers evaluated the parameters considered for the evaluation of the extra-class work designed on the scales of strong agreement and agreement. The content analysis of the responses made by the students evidenced the achievement of meaningful learning. Conclusions: the extra-class work that was designed contributed to the acquisition of a meaningful learning of the contents of Psychology linked to the experience of second-year Medicine students in integrated community work.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la enfermedad COVID-19 provocó la necesidad de realizar una serie de modificaciones importantes en el proceso docente-educativo en la educación médica superior, principalmente en las condiciones de educación a distancia. Objetivo: evaluar el logro de un aprendizaje significativo a partir del trabajo extraclase diseñado por el colectivo de la asignatura Psicología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo en el contexto de la COVID-19. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cuanticualitativa de corte pedagógico, en el período de marzo a septiembre de 2020. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, tránsito de lo abstracto a lo concreto e inductivo-deductivo; empíricos: criterio de usuarios, mediante encuesta aplicada a los profesores de la asignatura, análisis de contenidos expresados en los trabajos extraclases y la técnica de lluvia de ideas, así como métodos matemáticos estadísticos para los valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: la lluvia de ideas propició que en la tarea docente se integraran contenidos esenciales de la asignatura bajo el empleo de los métodos problémico y trabajo independiente. Se aprovecharon las potencialidades de los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. Por criterio de especialistas, los profesores evaluaron en las escalas de muy de acuerdo y de acuerdo los parámetros considerados para la valoración del trabajo extraclase diseñado. El análisis de contenido a las respuestas elaboradas por los estudiantes evidenció la consecución del aprendizaje significativo. Conclusiones: el trabajo extraclase que se diseñó tributó a la adquisición de un aprendizaje significativo de los contenidos de Psicología vinculados a la experiencia de los estudiantes de segundo año de Medicina en el trabajo comunitario integrado.

RESUMO Introdução: A estratégia cubana para a prevenção da COVID-19 se distingue pelo trabalho intersetorial e pela integração entre a gestão governamental e científica; Porém, cada território possui particularidades que podem se constituir em determinantes do estado de saúde da população com implicações para a resposta e devem ser levadas em consideração pelos governos locais para o enfrentamento da doença. Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento dos determinantes sociais da saúde na comunidade “Ho Chi Min” da cidade de Guantánamo no contexto da estratégia de prevenção COVID-19 no período abril-junho de 2020. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa com uso do método fenomenológico. Foram organizados dois grupos focais de 15 pessoas cada, com lideranças formais, adolescentes e jovens selecionados por critérios de inclusão e exclusão. De acordo com o princípio da saturação de informações, foram realizadas quatro sessões em dois encontros por grupo. Os dados foram processados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Ocupação, nível de renda, condições de vida e comportamentos foram determinantes sociais intermediários afetados pelas medidas preventivas frente à pandemia COVID-19. Conclusões: Na comunidade estudada, a contribuição positiva do contexto socioeconômico e político é importante como determinante estrutural que evidencia uma vontade política voltada para a mitigação dos danos sofridos em indicadores de posição socioeconômica como ocupação e renda. O sistema de saúde como um determinante intermediário é visto como um ponto forte na resposta ao COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cuba's COVID-19 prevention strategy is distinguished by an intersectoral work and integration between governmental and scientific management; however, each territory has particularities that may constitute determinants of the health status of the population with implications on the reply and should be taken into account by local governments to address the disease. Objective: To describe the behavior of social determinants of health at the "Ho Chi Min" community in Guantánamo city, all in the context of the COVID-19 prevention strategy from April to June 2020. Method: A qualitative research using the phenomenological method was carried out. Two focus groups of 15 people each were organized, with formal leaders, adolescents and young people selected via inclusion and exclusion criteria. Method: A qualitative research using the phenomenological method was carried out. Two focus groups of 15 people each were organized, with formal leaders, adolescents and young people selected via inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the principle of saturation in information, four sessions were conducted (two meetings per group). The data were processed on the basis of the analysis of content. Results: Occupation, income level, living conditions and behaviors were intermediate social determinants affected by preventive measures against the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The positive contribution of the socioeconomic and political context in the community studied, it is important as a structural determinant that evidences a political will aimed for mitigating the damage suffered in indicators of socioeconomic position such as employment and revenue. The health system as an intermediate determinant is seen as a strength to confront COVID-19.

RESUMEN Introducción: La estrategia cubana de prevención de la COVID-19 se distingue por el trabajo intersectorial y la integración entre gestión gubernamental y científica; sin embargo, cada territorio posee particularidades que pueden constituir determinantes del estado de salud de la población con implicaciones para la respuesta y deben ser tenidos en cuenta por los gobiernos locales para enfrentar la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de determinantes sociales de la salud en la comunidad “Ho Chi Min” de la ciudad de Guantánamo en el contexto de la estrategia de prevención de la COVID-19 en el periodo abril-junio de 2020. Método: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con uso del método fenomenológico. Se organizaron dos grupos focales de 15 personas cada uno, con líderes formales, adolescentes y jóvenes seleccionados por criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Según el principio de la saturación de la información fueron realizadas cuatro sesiones en dos encuentros por grupo. Los datos se procesaron a partir del análisis de contenido. Resultados: La ocupación, nivel de ingresos, condiciones de vida y los comportamientos fueron determinantes sociales intermedios afectados por las medidas preventivas ante la pandemia por COVID-19. Conclusiones: En la comunidad estudiada resulta importante la contribución positiva del contexto socioeconómico y político como determinante estructural que evidencia una voluntad política dirigida a mitigar los daños sufridos en indicadores de la posición socioeconómica como la ocupación y los ingresos. El sistema sanitario como determinante intermedio se constata como una fortaleza en la respuesta ante la COVID-19.

Abstract Cancer is an acquired prothrombotic state with an increased risk of thrombosis. Thromboembolic complications are the second cause of death, and pulmonary thromboembolism counts for about 50% of necropsies of cancer patients. In these patients, the prothrombotic state is a subclinical condition that is detected by the presence of an increase in serum fibrinogen levels, fibrin degradation products, coagulation factors such as factor V, VII, IX, X, and thrombocytosis, among others. In the cancer prothrombotic state, the biological mechanisms modify Virchow’s triad elements, and cell activity, modify proteins, and neoplastic cells produce procoagulant molecules, fibrinolytic, and proinflammatory cytokines. The Khorana predictive model, which includes the measurement of biomarkers such as D dimer and P selectin, allows stratifying clinical risk. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients at higher risk could improve the response to treatment and survival. Therefore, properly designed studies should clarify the effect of thromboprophylaxis in these patients.

Resumen El cáncer es un estado protrombótico adquirido asociado a un riesgo mayor de trombosis. Las complicaciones tromboembólicas en pacientes con cáncer son la segunda causa de muerte, y la tromboembolia pulmonar se encuentra en casi el 50% de las necropsias de pacientes con cáncer. En estos pacientes el estado protrombótico es una condición subclínica, detectada por un incremento en los niveles séricos de fibrinógeno, productos de degradación de la fibrina, factores de la coagulación V, VII, IX, X, y trombocitosis, entre otros. En el cáncer, los mecanismos biológicos protrombóticos actúan mediante la modificación de los elementos de la tríada de Virchow, se altera la actividad de células y proteínas y las células neoplásicas producen moléculas procoagulantes, fibrinolíticas y citocinas proinflamatorias. El modelo predictivo de Khorana, que se ha asociado a la medición de biomarcadores como dímero D y P selectina, permite estratificar el riesgo clínico. La prevención de la tromboembolia venosa en los pacientes con mayor riesgo podría mejorar la respuesta y supervivencia. Por lo tanto, más estudios con el diseño apropiado permitirían clarificar el efecto de la tromboprofilaxis en estos pacientes.

Abstract During the 2000s and 2010s, the growth in sugar and ethanol production stimulated the expansion of sugarcane in new regions of Brazil, reducing the concentration in the state of São Paulo. This paper aims to investigate whether the rise in sugarcane production in peripheral areas has led to the growth of knowledge capabilities. In order to consider regional asymmetries, the article uses the differentiated knowledge base (DKB) approach in association with regional innovation systems (RIS) and core-periphery relations. Data on formal employment and scientific research on the Central-South region are analyzed from 2003 to 2017. The results show that there are limits to the diffusion of sugarcane knowledge as an important part of knowledge production remains concentrated in the regions of early growth in São Paulo.

ABSTRACT Foundation: the expression of empathy in the doctor-patient relationship has multiple benefits in health care. The evidence indicates lower empathy in advanced stages of curriculum development in medicine. There is little information about it in the Mexican population. Objective: to identify the level of general empathy and its associated factors in three different moments of the curricular development in Mexican medical students. Methods: a cross-sectional study, conducted at the Higher School of Medicine of a private university in Mexico City, on 161 medical students enrolled in the first, third and fifth semesters of the medical degree that completed the multidimensional empathy scale, reduced version. Analyzes were performed by semester and sex; Subgroups with different levels of empathy were identified and an analysis was carried out with risk estimators. Results: women were more empathetic than men (p = 0.0001) except in the detection of other people’s emotions that showed no differences between sexes (p = 0.99). Women did not show differences between semesters (p> 0.05), the first semester men were more empathetic than the third and fifth (p = 0.005), particularly to detect other people’s emotions (p = 0.002). Being a man increased the probability of showing a lower level of empathy (OR = 2.36, p = 0.02). Conclusions: the lower empathy level in male students of advanced medicine semesters can compromise the benefits so far reported of the ability expression in the doctor-patient relationship and consequently decreases the quality of care. An empathy instructional strategy is necessary for this student group.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la expresión de empatía en la relación médico-paciente presenta múltiples beneficios en la atención a la salud. La evidencia indica menor empatía en fases avanzadas del desarrollo curricular en medicina. Existe escasa información al respecto en población mexicana. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de empatía general y sus factores asociados en tres momentos distintos del desarrollo curricular en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado en la Escuela de Medicina de una universidad privada en la Ciudad de México, sobre 161 estudiantes de medicina inscritos en primer, tercer y quinto semestre de la carrera de medicina que completaron la escala multidimensional de empatía, versión reducida. Se realizaron análisis por semestre y sexo; se identificaron subgrupos con diferente nivel de empatía y se realizó un análisis con estimadores de riesgo. Resultados: las mujeres fueron más empáticas que los hombres (p = 0,0001) excepto en la detección de emociones ajenas que no mostró diferencias entre sexos (p = 0,99). Las mujeres no mostraron diferencias entre semestres (p > 0,05), los hombres de primer semestre fueron más empáticos que los de tercero y quinto (p = 0,005) particularmente para detectar emociones ajenas (p = 0,002). Ser hombre aumentó la probabilidad de mostrar menor nivel de empatía (OR = 2,36, p = 0,02). Conclusiones: el menor nivel de empatía en estudiantes hombres de semestres avanzados de medicina puede comprometer los beneficios hasta ahora reportados de la expresión de esta habilidad en la relación médico-paciente y en consecuencia disminuir la calidad de la atención. Es necesaria una estrategia de instrucción en empatía para este grupo estudiantil.

Abstract Introduction: Medical students report higher levels of anxiety than students from other majors. Knowledge about their psychological well-being is scarce. Objective: To identify sociodemographic and academic factors that predict the level of anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. Method: Cross-sectional study of Mexican medical students of first (n = 59), third (n = 43) and fifth semester (n = 59), who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Psychological Well-being Scale for adults and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale. Results: Females showed higher levels of anxiety (p < 0.01). Anxiety in males was similar in the different semesters (p > 0.05); women of third and fifth semesters were more anxious than those at first semester (p < 0.01). Anxiety and psychological well-being were negatively correlated (p < 0.001). The “Less anxiety, higher level of well-being” and “More anxiety, lower level of well-being” subgroups were characterized, and a logistic regression identified that being a woman (OR = 4.70) and not practicing any religion (OR = 2.49) are predictive factors of higher levels of anxiety. Conclusions: Female medical students constitute a population at risk for higher levels of anxiety and less psychological well-being, which compromises their learning, quality of life and future professional practice.

Resumen Introducción: Estudiantes de medicina reportan mayor ansiedad que estudiantes de otras carreras. El conocimiento sobre su bienestar psicológico es escaso. Objetivo: Identificar factores sociodemográficos y académicos predictores del nivel de ansiedad y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. Método: Estudio transversal de estudiantes mexicanos de medicina de primer (n = 59), tercer (n = 43) y quinto semestre (n = 59), que contestaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Ansiedad de Beck, la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos y la Escala de Evaluación de la Cohesión y la Adaptabilidad Familiar. Resultados: Las mujeres presentaron mayor ansiedad (p < 0.01). La ansiedad en hombres fue similar en los distintos semestres (p > 0.05); las mujeres de tercer y quinto semestre fueron más ansiosas que las del primero (p < 0.01). Ansiedad y bienestar psicológico correlacionaron negativamente (p < 0.001). Se identificaron los subgrupos “Menor ansiedad, mayor bienestar” y “Mayor ansiedad, menor bienestar”, y una regresión logística identificó que ser mujer (OR = 4.70) y no profesar alguna religión (OR = 2.49) son factores predictores de mayor ansiedad. Conclusiones: Las estudiantes de medicina constituyen una población de riesgo para mayor ansiedad y menor bienestar psicológico, lo que compromete su aprendizaje, calidad de vida y futuro ejercicio profesional.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a atualidade do estudo dos recursos comuns no Brasil, expondo como o tema evoluiu, tanto na teoria quanto na prática. Primeiramente, faz-se uma revisão teórica sobre o tema, de modo a apresentar ao leitor as proposições acadêmicas mais recentes na área. Em seguida, expõe-se o conceito de “recursos comuns tradicionais”, destacando suas características e principais divisões. Em seguida, é feito um levantamento de relevantes pesquisas brasileiras que lidaram com a questão empiricamente. Finalmente, apresenta-se o conceito de “novos recursos comuns” e de que modo essa categoria pode servir como solução teórica a diversos problemas contemporâneos. De maneira geral, percebe-se que o próprio conceito de recursos comuns se expandiu nos últimos anos, de forma a abranger o estudo de diferentes falhas de coordenação entre agentes, numa realidade na qual os problemas atuais são cada vez mais vistos como problemas coletivos.

Abstract This article provides a recent update on common-pool resource studies in Brazil, presenting how the subject is evolving, both in theory and in practice. Firstly, a theoretical review is provided, in order to present the most recent academic proposals in this field. Next, the concept of traditional commons resources is overviewed, highlighting its characteristics and its main divisions. A survey of major Brazilian empirical research about commons is presented. Next, the concept of new commons resources is introduced, bringing forward how this can supply a theoretical solution for several contemporary Brazilian and international problems. It can be seen that not only has the amount of research in the area increased, but the concept of commons itself has expanded to encompass new coordination problems, given that individuals increasingly see contemporary problems as collective ones.

Resumen: La industria automovilística brasileña, sector de actividad relevante en la economía del país, pasó por problemas en la demanda durante la crisis económica de 2008 y en los años que la siguieron. Una serie de medidas proyectivas fueron tomadas, entre ellas: la reducción del Impuesto sobre Producto Industrializado - IPI y la reducción de la tasa de interés para el crédito destinado a la adquisición de vehículos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar los impactos de las tasas de interés a la adquisición del crédito; sobre la producción y la venta de vehículos en Brasil. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, se recurrió a la prueba de causalidad de Granger; y análisis de la función de respuesta al impulso, a partir de la aplicación del modelo de Vectores Autorregresivo - VAR. Los resultados muestran que hay causalidad en el sentido de Granger entre intereses, crédito, producción y venta de vehículos y que el sector automovilístico brasileño responde positivamente a la reducción en los intereses con aumento del crédito, de la producción y de las ventas en el período estudiado.

Abstract: Cyclical problems sporadically affect productive activities around the world. Brazilian car industry, a sector of relevant activity in the economy of the country, experienced problems in demand during the economic crisis of 2008 and in the following years. A set of protective measures were taken, among them: the reduction of the Industrialized Product Tax (IPI) and the reduction of the interest rate for the credit destined to the acquisition of vehicles. In view of that, the objective of this article is to analyze the impact of interest rates on the acquisition of credit, on the production and on the sale of vehicles in Brazil. To reach the proposed goal, Granger causality test is used and an analysis of the impulse response function is made from the application of the Vector Autoregressive model - VAR. The results show that there is causality, in Granger sense, among interest, credit, production and sale of vehicles and that Brazilian car industry responds positively to the reduction in interest rates with increase in credit, production and sales in the period studied.

Resumo O artigo tem como ponto de partida um diálogo com análises que discutem o movimento da fronteira do setor sucroenergético e sua influência no desenvolvimento urbano e regional no interior do território nacional. O argumento é que, apesar da maior dispersão da atividade produtiva, novas desigualdades persistem nesse setor, devido aos centros de decisões e à produção do conhecimento útil ao processo de inovação, localizados essencialmente no Estado de São Paulo. A metodologia desenvolvida se fundamenta em análises quantitativas e qualitativas. No estudo dos centros de decisão, foram utilizados dados da localização das sedes e das unidades agroindustriais. No estudo da centralização do conhecimento, foi feito um exame histórico de como evoluíram o aprendizado e as técnicas associadas ao setor canavieiro em São Paulo. Do ponto de vista teórico, o artigo busca contribuir para o estudo de como forças de diferenciação geográfica atuam em um mesmo setor produtivo.

Abstract The starting point for this paper takes the form of a discussion with studies related to the border movement of the sugar-energy sector and its influences on urban and regional development in the interior of Brazil. It is argued that, although this process has induced a major dispersion of production, new inequalities persist within this sector because the decision-making centers and the production of knowledge for the innovation process essentially remain located in the State of São Paulo. The methodology was based on qualitative and quantitative analyses. Data on the location of company headquarters and productive units were used for the study on the decision-making centers. In studying the centralization of knowledge, we undertook an historical investigation into how learning and sugarcane production techniques in São Paulo have evolved. From a theoretical viewpoint, the paper seeks to contribute to the analysis of how forces of geographical differentiation are present in the same productive sector.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the evaluation of a daily inflow forecasting model using a tool that facilitates the analysis of mathematical models for hydroelectric plants. The model is based on a Fuzzy Inference System. An offline version of the Expectation Maximization algorithm is employed to adjust the model parameters. The tool integrates different inflow forecasting models into a single physical structure. It makes uniform and streamlines the management of data, prediction studies, and presentation of results. A case study is carried out using data from three Brazilian hydroelectric plants of the Parana basin, Tiete River, in southern Brazil. Their activities are coordinated by Operator of the National Electric System (ONS) and inspected by the National Agency for Electricity (ANEEL). The model is evaluated considering a multi-step ahead forecasting task. The graphs allow a comparison between observed and forecasted inflows. For statistical analysis, it is used the mean absolute percentage error, the root mean square error, the mean absolute error, and the mass curve coefficient. The results show an adequate performance of the model, leading to a promising alternative for daily inflow forecasting.

Resumen Este documento fue preparado por un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos seleccionados por la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) para poner al día las recomendaciones previas dadas por nuestro grupo en cuanto a la inmunización del adolescente, de la población adulta y de aquellos mayores de 60 años de edad. Para este último grupo, hemos decidido, como lo han hecho en otros países, el inmunizar a esta edad (y no después), debido a la carga de enfermedad incrementada por afecciones respiratorias y otros factores propios para América Latina y las condiciones socioeconómicas de nuestro país. Esta edición reescribe ciertos párrafos y actualiza en parte las recomendaciones hechas anteriormente y publicadas en Infectio en mayo de 2012. Las guías están orientadas al uso por aquellos que cuidan de estos pacientes y hacemos énfasis en el anciano, el inmunocomprometido y en aquellos que sufren de varias comorbilidades. Aunque en un momento dado el documento pudiera parecer incompleto, la intención deseada fue la de abarcar los recientes cambios en la administración de nuevas vacunas y otros regímenes en dosificación. Se incluye por primera vez el uso de las vacunas de 4 valencias contra la influenza. El uso de la vacuna contra el herpes zóster se discute, y se toma un cuidado especial en cuanto a la redacción del "cuándo y por qué" de la vacunación contra Streptococcus pneumoniae. En la administración de esta vacuna, el tiempo de aplicación y la secuencia asociada con la aplicación de la administración de la vacuna polisacárida de 23 valencias puede variar de acuerdo con la edad del paciente,las comorbilidades y en aquellos previamente vacunados con dicha vacuna. Finalmente, exponemos las nuevas recomendaciones de vacunación contra fiebre amarilla y dengue y le damos la bienvenida a la vacuna nonavalente contra el virus humano del papiloma.

Abstract This document was prepared by a multi-disciplinary panel of experts who have been selected by the Asociación Colombiana de Infectologia (ACIN) to revise and update previous recommendations (by our group) for the immunization of adolescents and adult population and those older than 60 years of age. For the latter group, we have chosen to move forward, like many others, and immunize them at that age because of the particular burden of disease due to respiratory conditions, and other factors strictly related to Latin America and Colombian socio-economic conditions. This edition replaces in part, updates or ads to previous recommendations published in Infectio, May 2012. The guidelines are intended to assist those caring for these patients, and emphasizes on the elderly, the immunocompromissed and on those who suffer from several co-morbidities.The contents of the guidelines could seem in complete at some point; nevertheless, they were purposefully thought as such to embrace on major changes in new vaccines or new dosin gregimens. It is included for the first time the use of cuadri-valent vaccines against influenza. The use of herpes zoster vaccine is discussed and special care is placed in the phrasing for the reader so he (she) understands the "when and why" of vaccine administration against Streptococcus pneumoniae. With pneumococcal vaccines, timing of administration may vary according to age, co-morbidities and in those previously vaccinated with the 23-polyvalent polysaccharide vaccine. There are new recommendations for the vaccination against yellow fever and dengue and we welcome the new nona-valent vaccine against the human papillomavirus.