Abstract The state’s institutional capacity and regulatory framework are important fields of disputes over space production and recognition of social rights. Such disputes gain special relevance in the city of Rio de Janeiro, marked by intense social inequalities. In this context, slum upgrading policies consolidated between the 1990s and 2010s represent an important recognition of slums as popular housing spaces. The article analyzes the slum upgrading policies implemented in Rio de Janeiro during this period, focusing on institutional models and regulatory frameworks. It places the policies within the local political contexts, having the right to adequate housing as a guide. The study reveals the continuity and relative centrality of these policies in the analyzed period; however, it highlights important contradictions and limitations.

Resumo A capacidade institucional e o aparato normativo do Estado são importantes campos de disputas pela produção do espaço e pelo reconhecimento de direitos sociais. Tais disputas ganham especial relevância na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, marcada por intensas desigualdades sociais. Nesse quadro, as políticas de urbanização de favelas consolidadas entre as décadas 1990 e 2010 representam importante reconhecimento das favelas enquanto espaços de moradia popular. Este artigo analisa as políticas de urbanização de favelas realizadas no Rio de Janeiro nesse período, focando nos modelos institucionais e conteúdos normativos, situando-as nas conjunturas políticas locais e tendo o direito à moradia como norteador. Observam-se a continuidade e centralidade relativa dessas políticas no período analisado, contudo, são ressaltadas importantes contradições e limitações.

Abstract Solanum viarum Dunal belongs to the Solanaceae family and it is considered to be a grazing weed toxic to cattle. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE-CO2) were applied to evaluate the extraction yield and chemical composition of fruits and roots matrices of Solanum viarum Dunal. A hydroalcoholic solution (60% ethanol/40% water, v/v) was the solvent used for UAE. For comparisons, extractions with Soxhlet and maceration were carried out. For SFE-CO2, the highest yield was obtained at 60°C and 250 bar. For UAE, the highest yield was obtained at an ultrasound intensity of 75.11 W/cm2 and pulse cycle of 0.93. The techniques seem to be efficient for the extraction of chemical compounds, indicating a large number of bioactive compounds. The major compounds are 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, quinic acid, octadecenoic acid, and solasodine. The results highlight the application of UAE to recover compounds from vegetal matrices, since it presented higher yields and more chemical constituents when compared with other techniques.

Fundamento: A ecocardiografia, apesar de não invasiva e de relativo baixo custo, tem na variabilidade de medidas repetidas um dos principais limitantes a sua utilização em estudos epidemiológicos. Objetivo: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade da massa ventricular esquerda obtida em centros de investigação (on-line) com aquela obtida em centro de leitura (off-line) e entre medidas realizadas por diferentes avaliadores no centro de leitura. Métodos: Ecocardiografistas dos seis centros de investigação do ELSA-Brasil mediram on-line a massa ventricular esquerda e outras medidas ecocardiográficas de 124 exames antes de enviá-los ao centro de leitura, onde foram lidos off-line de acordo com o protocolo do estudo. Metade desses exames foi medida de forma cega por um segundo leitor. Resultados: Dos 124 exames, cinco (4%) foram considerados não mensuráveis. Dos 119 restantes, 72 (61%) eram de mulheres, com idade média de 50,2 ± 7,0 anos, sendo apenas dois exames com alteração estrutural cardíaca. Em 110 (92,4%) dos exames, as imagens foram consideradas ótimas/boas pelo centro de leitura. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as médias da massa ventricular esquerda obtidas on-line e off-line (1,29 g, IC 95% −3,60-6,19), sendo o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,79 (IC 95% 0,72-0,85). Para as medidas realizadas no centro de leitura, % 0,78-0,91). Conclusão: Não houve diferenças sistemáticas relevantes na medida da massa ventricular esquerda on-line versus off-line e a reprodutibilidade das medidas foi similar à de estudos anteriores. A realização das medidas em centros de leitura, como utilizado no ELSA-Brasil, é factível e útil em estudos clínico-epidemiológicos realizados em nosso meio.

Background: Echocardiography, though non-invasive and having relatively low-cost, presents issues of variability which can limit its use in epidemiological studies. Objective: To evaluate left ventricular mass reproducibility when assessed at acquisition (online) compared to when assessed at a reading center after electronic transmission (offline) and also when assessed by different readers at the reading center. Methods: Echocardiographers from the 6 ELSA-Brasil study investigation centers measured the left ventricular mass online during the acquisition from 124 studies before transmitting to the reading center, where studies were read according to the study protocol. Half of these studies were blindly read by a second reader in the reading center. Results: From the 124 echocardiograms, 5 (4%) were considered not measurable. Among the remaining 119, 72 (61%) were women, mean age was 50.2 ± 7.0 years and 2 had structural myocardial abnormalities. Images were considered to be optimal/ good by the reading center for 110 (92.4%) cases. No significant difference existed between online and offline measurements (1,29 g, CI 95% −3.60-6.19), and the intraclass correlation coefficient between them was 0.79 (CI 95% 0.71-0.85). For images read by two readers, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.86 (CI 95% 0.78-0.91). Conclusion: There were no significant drifts between online and offline left ventricular mass measurements, and reproducibility was similar to that described in previous studies. Central quantitative assessment of echocardiographic studies in reading centers, as performed in the ELSA-Brasil study, is feasible and useful in clinical and epidemiological studies performed in our setting.