Abstract Aiming to kill bacteria in dentin tubules of infected dental pulp cavities, we evaluated the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution agitated by different irrigation protocols, i.e., conventional needle irrigation (CNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), the EDDY tip, and the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser. The EDDY achieved good antibacterial effects as passive ultrasonic irrigation in the coronal and middle thirds. Nd:YAP laser irradiation and PUI were effective in the apical third of the root canal. Objectives: To evaluate the ability of NaOCl agitated by high-frequency sonic irrigation–EDDY, PUI, and Nd:YAP laser–to kill bacteria in infected root canal walls and if the associated temperature increases at the root surface during application. Methodology: Infected root canal models were established, and roots were randomly divided into six groups: negative control, positive control, CNI, PUI, sonic agitation with EDDY, and Nd:YAP laser groups. After irrigation, the teeth were split and stained using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit. Dead bacteria depth was evaluated by a confocal laser scanning microscopy and the temperature at the root surface was assessed using a thermal imaging camera during the irrigation process. Results: In the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal, PUI and EDDY had stronger antibacterial effects than CNI (p<0.05); in the apical third, the antibacterial effects of PUI and Nd:YAP laser-activated irrigation were better than CNI (p<0.05). The maximum change in temperature was significantly greater during continuous Nd:YAP laser application compared with the other methods, but intermittent irrigation helped lessening this trend. Conclusions: NaOCl agitated by EDDY tip and PUI exhibited a similar bacteria elimination effect in the coronal and middle root canal. Nd:YAP laser was effective in the apical third and intermittent irrigation reduced its thermal impact.

ABSTRACT Tumor lysis syndrome is a well-characterized and potentially deadly complication of spontaneous or treatment-related tumor destruction, and it is most commonly associated with hematologic malignancies. Our case illustrates a rare example of fatal tumor lysis syndrome in the setting of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma treated with radiation therapy. This case highlights the critical importance of identifying patients with solid organ malignancies at risk for tumor lysis syndrome and of early recognition and treatment of this syndrome.

The influence of 0.01 mol L-1 NaNO2 addition on the corrosion and passivation of X65 carbon steel in pH 1 to 5 HNO3 solutions was investigated and compared by electrochemical methods and microstructural techniques. In the pH 1 to 5 solutions without NaNO2, the X65 steel presented the electrochemical characteristic of active dissolution, and the corrosion rate of X65 carbon steel decreased gradually with the raise of pH value. By contrast, with the addition of 0.01 mol L-1 NaNO2 in pH 1 to 5 HNO3 solutions, the electrochemical characteristic of X65 carbon steel transferred from the active dissolution in the pH 1 to 5 solutions without NaNO2 to the anodic passivation in the corresponding pH solutions with NaNO2. For the X65 steel in the pH 1 to 5 solutions with NaNO2, with the raise of pH value, the corrosion rate also decreased gradually but the passivation capability strengthened obviously. The corrosion and passivation of X65 carbon steel in pH 1 to 5 HNO3 solutions without and with 0.01 mol L-1 NaNO2 were related to the cathodic reactions of H+ reduction, O2 reduction and NO2-/HNO2 reduction.

ABSTRACTIn this study, ten trace elements in Ziziphora clinopodioidesLam., Lamiaceae, from different regions, periods and parts in Xinjiang were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry following microwave-assisted acid digestion. The decreasing sequence of elements levels was K > Ca > Mg > Fe > Cu > Zn > Na > Mn > Cd > Pb. Chemometric approaches, such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to classify Z. clinopodioides according to its elements contents. Principal component analysis revealed 83.51% of the variance with the first four principal component variables. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated five groups from the eighteen regions, and the result of classification can correspond to the geographical distribution for the most regions. Variation in the elements exhibited a decreasing trend, but of different types in the studied periods. Elemental contents distributed in leaves were higher than those in flowers and stems. Therefore, chemometric approaches could be used to analyze data to accurately classify Z. clinopodioides according to origins. This study provided some elemental information on chemotaxonomy, diversity, changing pattern, distribution, and metabolism of Z. clinopodioides at spatial and temporal levels, and could be used as a reference of planting and quality standards.

Origanum vulgare L., Lamiaceae, from six different production areas of China and Pakistan were analyzed via gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and examined for their volatile constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS). This procedure allowed the identification of 11 to 46 components among six production areas, representing 98.5% to 99.9% of the total oil extracted. The yields of the essential oil of the six production areas of O. vulgare ranged from 0.1 to 0.7%. The class of oxygenated monoterpenes was predominant in all the essential oils. However, samples S5 and S6 have high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (33.7 and 43.7%); while sample S6 is high on oxygenated sesquiterpene (32.9%). The principal component analysis of O. vulgare was employed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of essential oil components. The cluster analysis of O. vulgare was classified into three subsets, characterized according to the major essential oil components. The current study investigated the composition differences of essential oil among six production areas offering foundation for quality control, resource optimization, and clinical treatments.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in the age-adjusted prevalence of disability in transitional China from 1987 to 2006. METHODS: Data from nationally representative surveys conducted in 1987 and 2006 were used to calculate age-adjusted disability prevalence rates by applying appropriate sample weights and directly adjusting to the age distribution of the 1990 Chinese population. Trends were assessed in terms of average annual percentage change. FINDINGS: The estimated number of disabled people in China in 1987 and 2006 was 52.7 and 84.6 million, respectively, corresponding to a weighted prevalence of 4.9% and 6.5%. The age-adjusted prevalence of disability decreased by an average of 0.5% per year (average annual percentage change, AAPC: -0.5%; 95% confidence interval, CI: -0.7 to -0.4) during 1987-2006. However, it increased by an average of 0.3% (AAPC: 0.3%; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.5) per year in males and by an average of 1.0% (AAPC: 1.0%; 95% CI: 0.8 to 1.2) per year among rural residents, whereas among females it showed an average annual decrease of 1.5% (AAPC: -1.5%; 95% CI: -1.7 to -1.3) and among urban residents, an average annual decrease of 3.9% (AAPC: -3.9%; 95% CI: -4.3 to -3.5). Despite significant declining trends for hearing and speech, intellectual and visual disabilities, the annual age-adjusted prevalence of physical and mental disabilities increased by an average of 11.2% (AAPC: 11.2%; 95% CI: 10.5 to 11.9) and 13.3% (AAPC: 13.3%; 95% CI: 10.7 to 16.2), respectively. CONCLUSION: In China, the age-adjusted prevalence of disability has declined since 1987, with inconsistencies dependent on the type of disability. These findings call for continuing and specific efforts to prevent disabilities in China.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los cambios en la prevalencia de discapacidad ajustada por edad en la China de la transición desde 1987 hasta 2006. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos de sondeos representativos a nivel nacional realizados en 1987 y 2006 para calcular las tasas de prevalencia de discapacidad ajustada por edad mediante la aplicación de los tamaños de muestra adecuados y mediante el ajuste directo de la distribución por edades de la población china en 1990. Las tendencias se evaluaron en función del porcentaje promedio anual de cambio. HALLAZGOS: El número estimado de personas discapacitadas en China en 1987 y 2006 era de 52,7 y 84,6 millones, respectivamente, lo que a su vez se corresponde con una prevalencia ponderada del 4,9% y del 6,5%. En promedio, la prevalencia de discapacidad ajustada por edad se redujo en un 0,5% al año (porcentaje promedio anual de cambio, PPAC: -0,5%; intervalo de confianza del 95%, IC: de -0,7 a -0,4) de 1987 a 2006. No obstante, en promedio ha presentado un incremento del 0,3% (PPAC: 0,3%; IC del 95%: de 0,1 a 0,5) al año en varones y el promedio ha sido del 1,0% (PPAC: 1,0%; IC del 95%: de 0,8 a 1,2) al año en residentes en áreas rurales, mientras que en mujeres se observó una reducción anual media del 1,5% (PPAC: -1.5%; CI del 95%: de -1,7 a -1,3) y en residentes en áreas urbanas la reducción anual media observada fue del 3,9% (PPAC: -3,9%; CI del 95%: de -4,3 a -3,5). A pesar de que las tendencias muestran un descenso significativo de las discapacidades auditivas, del habla, intelectuales y visuales, la prevalencia de discapacidad anual ajustada por edad de las discapacidades físicas y mentales aumentó, en promedio, el 11,2% (PPAC: 11,2%; IC del 95%: de 10,5 a 11,9) y 13,3% (PPAC: 13,3%; IC del 95%: de 10,7 a 16,2), respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: En China, la prevalencia de discapacidad ajustada por edad ha disminuido desde 1987, si bien se encuentran ciertas contradicciones entre los tipos de discapacidad. Estos resultados destacan la necesidad de contar con iniciativas continuas y concretas para prevenir las discapacidades en China.

OBJECTIF: Evaluer les changements dans la prévalence de l'invalidité en fonction de l'âge dans la Chine en transition de 1987 à 2006. MÉTHODE: Des données provenant d'études représentatives sur le plan national menées en 1987 et en 2006 ont été utilisées pour calculer le taux de prévalence de l'invalidité en fonction de l'âge, en appliquant des échantillons appropriés et en ajustant directement la répartition de l'âge de la population chinoise en 1990. Les tendances ont été évaluées en termes de modification du pourcentage annuel moyen. RÉSULTATS: On a estimé à respectivement 52,7 millions et 84,6 millions le nombre de personnes invalides en Chine en 1987 et en 2006, ce qui correspond à une prévalence pondérée de 4,9% et de 6,5%. La prévalence de l'invalidité en fonction de l'âge a diminué d'en moyenne 0,5% par an (modification du pourcentage annuel moyen, MPAM: 0,5%; intervalle de confiance à 95%, IC: -0,7 à -0,4) entre 1987 et 2006. Il a toutefois augmenté d'en moyenne 0,3% (MPAM: 0,3%; IC 95%: 0,1 à 0,5) par an chez les hommes et d'en moyenne 1%; IC 95%: 0,8 à 1,2) par an parmi les résidents ruraux, alors qu'il présentait, parmi les femmes une diminution annuelle moyenne de 1,5% (MPAM: 1,5%; IC 95%: -1,7 à -1,3) et parmi les résidents urbains, une diminution annuelle moyenne de 3,9% (MPAM: -4,3 à -3,5). En dépit de tendances déclinantes significatives pour l'audition et la parole et pour les incapacités intellectuelles et visuelles, la prévalence annuelle en fonction de l'âge des invalidités physiques et mentales a augmenté d'en moyenne 11,2% (MPAM: 11,2%; IC 95%: 10,5 à 11,9) et 13,3% (MPAM: 13,3%; IC 95%: 10,7 à 16,2), respectivement. CONCLUSION: En Chine, la prévalence de l'invalidité en fonction de l'âge a décliné depuis 1987, avec des incohérences en fonction du type d'invalidité. Ces conclusions invitent à poursuivre des efforts ciblés en vue de prévenir les invalidités en Chine.

OBJECTIVE: To map risk of exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in an urban area and assess the ability of traditional interventions to control dispersion of the disease. METHODS: Data on the Beijing SARS epidemic were used to map spatial clusters of identified contacts and to estimate transmission of SARS using a model with a time-dependent transmission rate. RESULTS: The estimated transmission rate decreased dramatically from 20 to 30 April 2003. The total number of cases in the epidemic in Beijing was estimated to be 2521. Hierarchical clustering revealed that risk-exposures were widespread, but clustered in a pattern that is distinctly related to the Beijing urban ring roads. CONCLUSION: Traditional control measures can be very effective at reducing transmission of SARS. Spatial patterns of risk-exposures can inform disease surveillance, prediction and control by identifying spatial target areas on which interventions should be focused.

OBJETIVO: Cartografiar el riesgo de exposición al síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SRAS) en una zona urbana y evaluar la eficacia de las intervenciones tradicionales para controlar la dispersión de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: Se emplearon los datos sobre la epidemia de SRAS sufrida por Beijing para cartografiar los conglomerados geográficos de los contactos identificados y estimar la transmisión del SRAS mediante un modelo basado en una tasa de transmisión dependiente del tiempo. RESULTADOS: La tasa de transmisión estimada disminuye drásticamente entre el 20 de abril y el 30 abril de 2003. El número total de casos provocados por la epidemia en Beijing se estimó en 2521. Los conglomerados jerárquicos revelaron que la exposición al riesgo era generalizada, pero se observaba una distribución de los casos claramente relacionada con las carreteras de circunvalación urbana de Beijing. CONCLUSIÓN: Las medidas de control tradicionales pueden ser un arma muy eficaz contra la transmisión del SRAS, y las actividades de vigilancia, predicción y control de la enfermedad se pueden beneficiar de los modelos geográficos de riesgo-exposición, gracias a la identificación de las zonas en que deberían centrarse las intervenciones.

OBJECTIF: Cartographier le risque d'exposition au syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS) dans une zone urbaine et évaluer la capacité des interventions de type classique à endiguer la propagation de la maladie. MÉTHODES: Les données de l'épidémie de SRAS de Beijing ont servi à cartographier les grappes spatiales de contacts identifiés età évaluer la transmission du SRAS au moyen d'un modèle utilisant un taux de transmission dépendant du temps. RÉSULTATS: Le taux de transmission estimé a diminué très fortement entre le 20 et le 30 avril 2003. Le nombre total de cas dus à l'épidémie de Beijing a été évalué à 2521. Le regroupement hiérarchique en grappes de grappes a fait apparaître une zone d'exposition au risque très étendue. Néanmoins, les cas se regroupaient selon un schéma clairement lié aux voies de ceinture urbaine de Beijing. CONCLUSION: Les mesures de lutte classiques peuvent réduire de manière très efficace la transmission du SRAS. Les schémas spatiaux d'exposition au risque peuvent fournir des informations utiles à la surveillance, à la prévision et à l'endiguement de la maladie en identifiant les zones spatiales cibles sur lesquelles les interventions devront se concentrer.