ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the precision of oxygen uptake with heart rate regression during treadmill running in highly trained runners. Twenty national and international level male runners were divided into two equal groups. Group A was formed of 10 sprinters (31.5± 4.7 years, height 1.74± 0.04 m and mass 61.8± 5.2 kg), and group B comprised 10 endurance runners (25.7± 4.5 years, height 1.77± 0.08 m and mass 71.2± 5.8 kg). Each participant performed six min bouts at a constant velocity on a level treadmill, with each bout at an increased running velocity. The starting velocity was 3.33 m·s-1, with a 0.56 m·s-1 increase in each subsequent bout. VO2 and HR were measured during all runs. Mean peak VO2 and mean peak HR for Group A were, respectively, 71.7± 7.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 179.8± 12.7 beats·min-1, while for Group B were 67.3± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 198.2± 9.8 beats·min-1. The linearity of the regressions between VO2 and HR in both groups was very high (R2= 0.97 and R2=0.76) with small standard errors of regression. Despite a stronger correlation in endurance-trained athletes, the results of the present study indicate that it is possible to use HR as an indicator of exercise intensity in individuals trained in both speed and longer distances.

Abstract Air Bike ergometers have recently appeared and become popular among fitness. These ergometers combine the use of upper or lower limbs while remaining seated. Its characteristic is that of a system of external load imposed through air resistance which increases with the cadence imposed on the equipment. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the ramp test and standard leg-cycle ergometer to assess maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). For this purpose, 18 physically active young men, aged between 19 and 29 years (mean ± standard deviation = 21.78 ± 2.44), performed three maximal incremental ramp tests in random order: one test on a cycle ergometer and two tests on an Air Bike arm- and leg- ergometer (test and re-test) with cardiorespiratory measurements throughout the tests. VO2max and maximum heart rate (HRmax) were significantly higher in the Air Bike compared with the cycle ergometer (53.06 ± 8.72 vs 47.38± 9.15 mL/min/kg), 181.93 ± 10.20 vs 176.07 ± 5.28 bpm, p < 0.001; 95%CI 3.41–7.95; ES = 0.30 and p = 0.01; 95%CI 1.44–10.29; ES = 0.34, respectively for VO2max and HRmax). There were no differences between the two ergometers in the maximum respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and test duration (1.21 ± 0.13 vs 1.21 ± 0.13, 598.06 ± 37.28 vs 612.22 ± 86.40 s, p = 0.9; IC95% –0.05 – –0.05; ES = 0 and p = 0.4; 95%CI –46.12–17.79; ES = –0.11, respectively for RER and test duration). Both VO2max and HRmax showed to be reliable when assessed with the Air Bike ergometer. The maximal test carried out on the Air Bike is a reliable ergometer to assess VO2max and probably enables a higher VO2max as compared with a standard leg-cycle ergometer.

Abstract Aim: This study aimed (i) to test the inter-rater reliability of swimming teachers, (ii) to test the swimming teacher's discussion effect on inter-rater reliability and (iii) to verify the intra-rater swimming teacher's reliability. Method: Twenty-one learning swimmers (14.1 ± 5.1 years old) performed two 25-m front crawl courses at a comfortable speed without breathing between the sixth and 20-m, and had their displacements captured on film. Three swimming teachers with different academic backgrounds and skills evaluated the swimmer right upper limb using a 20-items checklist. In the 1st-step, teachers assessed 20-items and in 2nd-step discussed their particular evaluating criteria - selecting five items considered as the most relevant. The inter- and intra-rater reliability were tested using the Fleiss Kappa Coefficient. Results: In the 1st-step substantial reliability was found for item three and in movement descriptor for items three and 20. Nearly perfect reliability was found in the movement descriptor for item 13. In 2nd-step, moderate reliability was found only in the movement descriptor for item 20. Only the most experienced evaluator showed substantial intra-rater reliability for items four and 10 and moderate for item 20. Conclusion: The proposed discussion method did not cause the expected effect on inter-rater reliability. The swimming teacher with a higher degree and swimming skills showed better intra-rater reliability. Some items and movement descriptors proposed at the 20-items checklist can be used in practical settings.

RESUMO Introdução: Na literatura, é identificada uma lacuna em relação aos efeitos agudos do treino com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo sobre as variáveis aeróbicas. Objetivo: analisar o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) durante e após duas sessões de treino de força: tradicional de alta intensidade e baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo. Métodos: Após os testes de repetição máxima, oito participantes do sexo masculino (25,7 ± 3 anos) completaram os dois protocolos experimentais, separados por 72 horas, em ordem aleatória: a) treino de alta intensidade, com 80% de 1RM (AI) e b) treino de baixa intensidade a 20% de 1RM combinado com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (BI + RFS). Três séries de quatro exercícios (supino, agachamento, remada inclinada e levantamento terra) foram realizadas. O consumo de oxigênio e o consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício foram medidos. Resultados: foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o treino tradicional de alta intensidade e de baixa intensidade com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo, com valores mais altos para sessões de treinamento tradicionais, exceto nos últimos cinco minutos para a medida de consumo de oxigênio pós-exercício. O VO2 medido durante o treino foi maior (p = 0.001) para a sessão de AI (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) comparada ao treino de BI + RFS (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusão: O consumo de oxigênio durante e após as sessões de exercício foram maiores para a metodologia de treinamento de alta intensidade. Contudo, quando se considera o volume dos treinos, estas diferenças foram atenuadas. Nível de Evidência III - Estudos de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência “ouro” aplicado uniformemente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The literature has shown that a gap is identified regarding the acute effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic variables. Objective: to analyze oxygen consumption (VO2) during and after two resistance training sessions: traditional high intensity and low intensity with blood flow restriction. Methods: After one-repetition maximum tests, eight male participants (25.7±3 years) completed the two experimental protocols, separated by 72 hours, in a randomized order: a) high intensity training at 80% of 1RM (HIRE) and b) low intensity training at 20% of 1RM combined with blood flow restriction (LIRE + BFR). Three sets of four exercises (bench press, squat, barbell bent-over row and deadlift) were performed. Oxygen consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were measured. Results: the data showed statistically significant differences between the traditional high intensity training and low intensity training with blood flow restriction, with higher values for traditional training sessions, except for the last five minutes of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption measured during training was higher (p = 0.001) for the HIRE (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) compared to the LIRE + BFR (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusion: Oxygen uptakes rates during and after the exercise sessions were higher for the high intensity training methodology. However, when taking into account the volume of training provided by both methods, these differences were attenuated. Level of Evidence III - Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference stand.

RESUMEN Introducción: La literatura ha demostrado que se identifica una laguna con respecto a los efectos agudos del entrenamiento de restricción del flujo sanguíneo en las variables aeróbicas. Objetivo: analizar el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) durante y después de dos sesiones de entrenamiento de fuerza: tradicional de alta intensidad y baja intensidad con restricción del flujo sanguíneo. Métodos: Después del test de una repetición máxima, ocho participantes masculinos (25,7 ± 3 años) completaron los dos protocolos experimentales, separadas por 72 horas, en orden aleatorio: a) entrenamiento de alta intensidad con 80% de 1RM (AI) y b) entrenamiento de baja intensidad a 20% de 1RM combinado con restricción del flujo sanguíneo (BI + RFS). Tres series de cuatro ejercicios (supino, sentadilla, remo con barra y peso muerto), se realizaron. El consumo de oxígeno y el consumo de oxígeno en el exceso después del ejercicio se midieron. Resultados: se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el entrenamiento tradicional de alta intensidad y de baja intensidad con restricción del flujo sanguíneo, con valores más altos para las sesiones de entrenamiento tradicionales, excepto os últimos cinco minutos del consumo de oxígeno en exceso post-ejercicio. El VO2 medido durante el entrenamiento fue mayor para el AI (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) en comparación con el BI + RFS (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusión: El consumo de oxígeno durante y después de las sesiones de ejercicio fueron mayores para la metodología de entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Sin embargo, cuando se considera el volumen de la práctica, se atenuaron estas diferencias. Nivel de Evidencia III - Estudios de pacientes no consecutivos; sin estándar de referencia “oro” aplicado uniformemente.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito de programas de treinamento com videogames ativos (VGAs) estruturados e não estruturados sobre a composição corporal e desempenho nos testes de aptidão física durante seis semanas. Participaram do estudo 20 homens, os quais foram divididos homogeneamente em três grupos: Grupo controle - GC (n=7; 20.6 ± 2.8 anos), Grupo Experimental Estruturado -GET (n=6; 20.2 ± 2.1 anos) e Grupo Experimental Não estruturado GEN (n=7; 19,1 ± 1,2 anos). O programa com VGAs foi realizado três sessões por semana (30 minutos cada) durante seis semanas. Houve melhoras significativas nos testes de apoio de frente (GET p=0.02), flexibilidade (GEN: p=0.04 e GET: p=0.01) e preensão manual (GEN: p=0.05). E apenas o GEN aumentou significativamente o percentual de gordura (p=0.05) e massa gorda (p=0.01). Conclui-se que após seis semanas de treinamento com VGAs, os dois grupos experimentais apresentaram manutenção na massa magra e aumento no nível de aptidão física.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of training programs with active video games (AVGs) structured and unstructured on body composition and performance in the physical fitness tests during six weeks. Study participants were 20 men who were evenly divided into three groups: Control Group - CG (n = 7; 20.6 ± 2.8 years), Experimental Structured Group -GET (n = 6; 20.2 ± 2.1 year) and Experimental Unstructured Group - GEN (n = 7; 19.1 ± 1.2 years). The AVGs program was performed three times a week (thirty minutes each) during six weeks. There were significant improvements in the front support testing (GET p = 0.02), flexibility (GEN: p = 0.04 and GET: p = 0.01) and handgrip (GEN p = 0.05). And only GEN increased significantly the fat percentage (p = 0.05) and fat mass (p = 0.01). After six weeks of each parallel AVGs training, these two groups presented maintenance in lean mass and increase in the level of physical fitness.

O estudo relacionou a eficácia das situações de superioridade numérica temporal (H+) com o resultado dos jogos de uma competição nacional de polo aquático. Analisando as súmulas da competição a eficácia de H+ foi classificada como"baixa", "média" ou "alta". Já as equipes, pelo resultado da partida, foram classificadas como "perdedoras" ou "vencedoras". Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado para avaliar o relacionamento entre as variáveis. Quando a eficácia de H+ foi baixa, 68% das equipes perderam a partida. Quando foi alta, 86,2% das equipes foram vencedoras. A eficácia de H+ teve um efeito significativo no resultado das partidas ( p < 0.001), sendo que uma equipe com baixa eficácia de H+ apresentou 13,25 mais chances de derrota. Concluiu-se que a eficácia de H+ influencia o resultado das partidas. Quando esta é média ou alta, as equipes apresentaram maior índice de vitória.

The present study analyzed the relationship between man-up play efficacy (H+) and the match outcome of water polo national competitions. Through official game reports, H+ information was obtained, which enabled to consider the efficacy of such tactical situation as "low", "medium" or "high". Moreover, according to the match outcome, teams were considered as "losers" or "winners". Descriptive statistics was used and the chi-square test was applied to seethe variables relationship. When H+ efficacy was low, 68% of the teams have lost. In turn, when it was high, 86.2% of the teams won the game. The H+ situation had a significant effect on the match outcome ( p <0.001) and a team with low H+ efficacy had 13.25 more chances of losing the match. We conclude that H+ efficacy influences matches outcome. When H+ efficacy is medium or high, there is more probability of winning.

O excesso de peso é cada vez maior entre da população escolar jovem. Uma vez que não é evidente qual a atitude dos alunos com sobrepeso e obesidade face à participação em atividades físicas e sua relação com o desempenho escolar pretendemos identificar os factores de influência no contexto da EF escolar. Participaram neste estudo 490 alunos dos 3º ciclo e ensino secundário, divididos por sexo. Os valores de IMC foram ajustados para sexo e idade e criados três grupos: Magreza; peso normal; e excesso de peso. Os valores dos resultados escolares foram normalizadas para uma escala de 1 a 5 valores. A participação em atividades desportivas, regularidade de prática e percepção do sucesso escolar foi medida por questionário. Após análise exploratória dos dados foram realizados os testes do Qui-quadrado, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson. O eta quadrado parcial (η²) foi reportado como medida da magnitude do efeito das diferenças verificadas nas ANOVAs. Foi considerado o valor de α de 0.05. Os resultados mostraram que alunos com excesso de peso e magreza reportaram menores níveis de atividade física em relação a alunos normoponderais (4.20±1.73, 4.06±1.77, 4.61±1.73; p=0.044; η²=0.01, resp.). A maior parte dos alunos definiu o seu sucesso escolar através da aprovação/transição de ano a par de boas classificações, tendo este grupo obtido níveis superiores de prática (4.57±1.71, p=0.03) Verificaram-se efeitos significativos da variável níveis de IMC nas classificações médias finais e na disciplina de EF, em que os alunos normoponderais obtiveram melhores classificações do que os alunos com excesso de peso. Além disso, verificaram-se correlações significativas entre as classificações de Português e Matemática (r=0.80; p<0.001), entre as classificações de EF e Português (r=0.36; p<0.001), e entre as classificações de EF e Matemática (r=0.42; p<0.001). Os alunos com sobrepeso apresentaram níveis inferiores de prática de atividade física quando comparados com os alunos com peso normal ou magros concomitantemente com um rendimento escolar inferior. Face aos resultados consideramos a prática de atividade física um fator com influência positiva no rendimento escolar em alunos dos ensinos básico e secundário.

Overweight is increasing among the school population being physical inactivity one of its main causes. Since it is not clear what kind of attitude do overweight and obese students have towards participation in physical activity and its relationship with academic performance we intend to identify the influencing factors in the context of physical education. Participated in this study 490 students from 3rd cycle and secondary education, divided by gender. BMI values were adjusted for sex and age and three groups were created: leanness; normal weight; and overweight. The values of the academic performance were normalized to a scale of 1 to 5 points. Participation in sporting activities, regularity of practice and perception of academic performance were measured by questionnaire. After exploratory data analysis, chi-square test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation were performed. The partial eta squared (η ²) was reported as a measure of the magnitude of the effect of the differences in the ANOVAs. We considered the value of α of 0.05. The results showed that students with overweight and thinness reported lower levels of PA compared to normal weight students (4.20±1.73, 1.77±4.6, 4.61±1.73, p=0.044, η²=0:01, resp.). Most students defined its academic success through the approval /transition from year along with good classifications, having this group obtained higher levels of PA (4.57±1.71, p=0.03). There were significant effects of BMI levels in the final average and Physical Education ratings in which normal weight students had better ratings than overweight counterparts. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the ratings of Portuguese and Mathematics (r = 0.80, p <0.001), between classifications of Physical Education and Portuguese (r = 0:36, p <0.001), and between classifications of Physical Education and Mathematics (r = 0:42, p <0.001). Overweight students had lower levels of PA when compared to students with normal or lean weight concomitantly with lower school performance levels. Given the results we consider that practicing PA is a factor with a positive influence on the academic performance of students in basic and secondary education.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: i) caracterizar o nado submáximo e máximo do ponto de vista cinemático; ii) verificar a influência das variáveis cinemáticas na prova máxima de 200 metros crawl. Nove nadadores de elite nacionais realizaram dois testes: um submáximo, descontínuo de intensidade progressiva; outro máximo, que consistiu em uma simulação de uma prova de 200 m crawl. Foram estudados os parâmetros cinemáticos gerais da mecânica da braçada, a duração de cada fase do ciclo gestual, a velocidade do centro de massa e a variação intracíclica da velocidade horizontal. Verificaram-se diferenças cinemáticas significativas da frequência gestual, velocidade de deslocamento do centro de massa, duração total do ciclo gestual, duração da ação subaquática propulsora e da velocidade do centro de massa na fase de recuperação entre os testes. Identificou-se associações significativas entre o teste máximo e algumas variáveis cinemáticas como a velocidade do centro de massa e índice de nado.

The main aims of this study were i) to perform a kinematic characterization of sub and maximal swimming speed; ii) to investigate the associations between the kinematic profiles and the 200 m front crawl style. Nine national level male swimmers performed two speed tests: a submaximal discontinuous speed trial of progressive speed intensity, and a maximal one, simulating a 200 m front crawl style. The stroke general kinematic parameters, the phases duration of the stroke cycle, the velocity of the centre of mass and the intra cyclic variation of the horizontal velocity were herein studied. Significant kinematic differences in relation to stroke rate, horizontal velocity of the centre of mass, total cycle duration, absolute and relative duration of the propulsive sub aquatic action and the velocity of the centre of mass during the arms recovery were compared between the speed tests. Significant correlations between the performance in the maximal speed and some kinematic variables were observed.