ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera (Lam.) is an oilseed rich in unsaturated fatty acids. The seed reserve composition can change according to environmental conditions of precipitation and temperature. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the M. oleifera seed and its vegetable oil from plants cultivated in different states of Northeast Brazil. Seeds and soil samples were collected in Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE), Paraíba (PB), and Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Regarding climate variables, RN and BA had the lowest (395 mm) and highest (880 mm) precipitation during the collection year, respectively. The size and mass of the seeds and almonds, and the characterization of the flour and the oil of the ‘moringa’ seeds were measured. The largest seeds and almonds were collected in BA and the smallest in RN. The highest protein and moisture contents were obtained in the seeds from CE. The seeds from RN had the highest oil content, unsaturated fatty acids, ashes, acidity, and saponification levels. Thus, RN presents the smallest seeds of M. oleifera with higher content of mineral salts (ashes), oil, and monounsaturated fatty acids.

RESUMO Moringa oleifera (Lam.) é uma oleaginosa rica em ácidos graxos insaturados. A composição de reserva da semente pode mudar de acordo com as condições ambientais de precipitação e temperatura. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar sementes e o óleo vegetal de M. oleifera cultivado em diferentes estados do Nordeste do Brasil. As sementes e amostras de solo foram coletadas na Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE), Paraíba (PB) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Em relação às variáveis climáticas, RN e BA apresentaram a menor (395 mm) e a maior (880 mm) precipitação durante o ano de coleta. As sementes e amêndoas foram medidas e realizada a caracterização da farinha e do óleo de moringa. As maiores sementes e amêndoas foram coletadas na BA e as menores no RN. O maior teor de proteínas e umidade foram obtidos nas sementes do CE. As sementes do RN apresentaram o maior teor de óleo, níveis de acidez e saponificação e a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos insaturados. Assim, o RN possui as menores sementes de M. oleifera com maior teor de sais minerais, óleo e ácidos graxos monoinsaturados.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to examine the germination and initial growth of Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl. seedlings at different pH values. pH of the deionized water was adjusted with hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to 4.7, 5.7, 6.7, 7.7 and 8.7. The following parameters were evaluated: final germination percentage (GP), germination speed index, time required for 50% germination, germination rate, viability of the remaining seeds and length of the radicle. All parameters were reduced in alkaline pH. Maximum germination of 94% was reached in the treatment control, followed by pH 4.7. At alkaline pH (7.7 - 8.7), GP was 43 and 31%, respectively. Therefore, at these pHs, germination was reduced. We provided direct evidence that pH is a limiting factor for germination and for the radicle growth of Z. tuberculosa seedlings. In addition, we show experimental evidence of why this species is widely distributed in the Cerrado biome, where the soils are more acidic, and the relationship between soil composition and high germination in acidic medium was corroborated with this study. We suggest that the germination test at different pHs be included in reforestation programs with native species to predict the establishment of seedlings in soils with different pH.

ABSTRACT Swamp palm (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) is a typical palm tree from the Amazon and Cerrado of Brazil, whose fruits are used in cooking and the pharmaceutical industry. Seed germination of this palm is slow, irregular and often low, which makes its cultivation limited, being exploited in extractive systems. Also, little is known about seedling development, and this knowledge is important to define a protocol for the production of seedlings of this species. This research aimed to develop a protocol for the seed germination of swamp palm under semi-aseptic conditions and to evaluate the seedling development of swamp palm under different production systems. There was no germination in treatments without scarification. The best germination protocol for swamp palm was scarification with operculum removal in seeds recently extracted from the fruit with application of gibberellic acid (plant growth regulator) because it increased the rate and accelerated germination. However, imbibition in aerated water (with H2O2) proved to be suitable up to two days. The best method for seedlings production of swamp palm is the use of conventional bag (20×30 cm) with soil and manure or for producers with greater investment capacity, the use of tubes (180 cm3) for two months and subsequent transplanting to a conventional bag with soil and manure until completing six months.

RESUMO O buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f) é uma palmeira típica da Amazônia e do Cerrado do Brasil, que tem seus frutos utilizados na culinária e na indústria farmacêutica. A germinação dessa palmeira é lenta, irregular e frequentemente baixa, o que torna seu cultivo limitado, sendo explorada em sistemas extrativistas. Também, pouco se conhece sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas, e esse conhecimento é importante para definir um protocolo para produção de mudas desta espécie. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um protocolo para a germinação de sementes de buriti em condições semiassépticas, e avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de buriti em diferentes sistemas de produção. Não houve germinação nos tratamentos sem escarificação. O melhor protocolo de germinação para as sementes de buriti foi a escarificação com retirada do opérculo em sementes recém extraídas do fruto com o uso de ácido giberélico (regulador de crescimento de plantas), pois isso aumentou a taxa e acelerou a germinação. Entretanto, a embebição em água aerada (com H2O2) mostrou-se adequada até dois dias. O melhor método para produção de mudas de buriti é o uso de sacola convencional (20×30 cm) com terra e esterco ou para produtores com maior capacidade de investimento, o uso de tubetes (180 cm3) por dois meses e posterior transplantio para sacola convencional com terra e esterco até completar seis meses.

Resumo: O girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) é uma espécie oleaginosa relevante utilizada na alimentação humana e animal e, em múltiplas aplicações industriais. No entanto, as oleaginosas precisam lidar com a perda de vigor quando utilizadas como propágulos, devido à perda da qualidade fisiológica da semente (viabilidade e vigor) causada por eventos de deterioração. Avaliamos no presente estudo os efeitos de técnicas de condicionamento de sementes (água, ácido ascórbico e nitroprussiato de sódio) no vigor, germinação, enzimas antioxidantes e integridade de membrana de sementes de girassol híbrida HELIO 251 armazenadas. Os parâmetros de germinação mostraram que as sementes não condicionadas (controle) atrasaram a germinação em quase 72 h enquanto todas as sementes condicionadas germinaram 100% em 24 h. O extravasamento de eletrólitos e os níveis de malondialdeído foram maiores nas sementes não condicionadas, indicando maior grau de dano à membrana. Um aumento na atividade da catalase e ascorbato peroxidase também foi observado após 8 h de embebição de sementes condicionadas em comparação com sementes não condicionadas. Em relação à superóxido dismutase, não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos após 8 h de embebição, enquanto a maior atividade foi após 24 h de embebição em sementes não condicionadas. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o priming com ácido ascórbico ou nitroprussiato de sódio apresentou melhor desempenho na germinação de sementes de girassol armazenadas, provavelmente decorrente do menor acúmulo de espécies reativas de oxigênio e consequente redução do dano oxidativo devido a um sistema enzimático antioxidante eficiente.

Abstract: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a relevant oilseed species used as feed in human and animal nutrition and in multiple industrial applications. However, oilseeds need to deal with the loss of vigor when used as a propagule, due to loss of seed physiological quality (viability and vigor) caused by deterioration events. We have evaluated in the present study the effects of seeds priming techniques (water, ascorbic acid, and sodium nitroprusside) on vigor, germination, antioxidant enzymes and membrane integrity of stored sunflower hybrid HELIO 251 seeds. Germination parameters showed that non-primed seeds (control) delayed germination in almost 72 h while all primed seeds germinated 100% in 24 h. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde levels were higher in non-primed seeds indicating higher degree of membrane damage. An increase in the activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase was also observed after 8 h of imbibition of primed seeds compared to non-primed seeds. Regarding superoxide dismutase, there was no significant differences between treatments after 8 h of imbibition, whereas the highest activity was after 24 h of imbibition in non-primed seeds. Therefore, it can be concluded priming with ascorbic acid or sodium nitroprusside exhibited better performance in germination of stored sunflower seeds, probably resulting from lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species and consequent reduced oxidative damage due to an efficient antioxidant enzyme system.

RESUMO A manutenção da viabilidade das sementes é amplamente estudada uma vez que se busca preservar as características fisiológicas que permitirão uma germinação eficiente no campo. No entanto, mesmo em condições ideais de armazenamento, o processo de envelhecimento é inerente à vida da semente. Com o objetivo de compreender os efeitos do armazenamento em condições normais e de baixo oxigênio, este trabalho buscou avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de dois lotes de sementes de dois híbridos de girassol armazenados sob diferentes disponibilidades de oxigênio (normoxia e hipóxia) durante um período de 360 dias. Com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos do armazenamento, o metabolismo antioxidante enzimático, teor de peróxido de hidrogênio e MDA, bem como a viabilidade e o vigor (teste de tetrazólio e vazamento de eletrólito) foram realizados com as sementes armazenadas a cada 60 dias. As condições de hipóxia não foram capazes de manter a viabilidade das sementes ao longo do tempo, provavelmente afetando negativamente o eixo embrionário. Ao longo das avaliações, os testes de viabilidade demonstraram que o armazenamento nas duas condições experimentais não foi capaz de conter o envelhecimento das sementes. O aumento do conteúdo de H2O2 e MDA, associado ao aumento da condutividade elétrica ao longo do tempo, indicam que houve perdas por peroxidação lipídica e que o processo de envelhecimento não foi contido pelo armazenamento sob baixa disponibilidade de oxigênio.

ABSTRACT The maintenance of seed viability is widely studied since preserving the physiological characteristics that will allow efficient germination and adequate field occupation is broadly pursued. However, even under optimal storage conditions, the aging process is inherent to the seed’s life. In order to understand the effects of storage under low and normal oxygen conditions, this work sought to evaluate the physiological responses of two seed lots of two sunflower hybrids stored under different oxygen availability (normoxia and hypoxia) over a 360-day period. Aiming to investigate the effects of storage, the activities of the enzymatic antioxidant metabolism, hydrogen peroxide and MDA content, and the performance of viability, and vigor tests (tetrazolium test and electrolyte leakage) were performed with the stored seeds every 60 days. The hypoxia conditions were not able to keep seed viability over time, probably affecting negatively the embryonic axis. Throughout the evaluations, the viability tests demonstrated that the storage in the two experimental conditions was not able to contain the aging of the seeds. The increased content of H2O2 and MDA, associated with the enhanced electrical conductivity over time, indicate that there were losses by lipid peroxidation and that the aging process was not contained by storage under low oxygen availability.

ABSTRACT Seed germination is an important step for plants without vegetative propagation and is a physiological process that begins with specific environmental cues resulting in biochemical responses. Breaking-dormancy is necessary to study germination in dormant seeds with asynchronous germination. We investigated the processes of breaking dormancy and germination of Butia capitata (Arecaceae) seeds, in which germination is slow and asynchronous, by operculum removal. This treatment increased germination of B. capitata to 90 %. Embryos of dry, imbibed, 24-hours post-operculum removal and early-germinated seeds were collected for biochemical analysis of the following: quantification of abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase - CAT, superoxide dismutase - SOD, glutathione reductase - GR) and histolocalization of superoxide anion (O2 -). Decreases in H2O2 and ABA were recorded 24 hours post-operculum removal. Increased GR and SOD activities during imbibition, and CAT upon germination, indicate a role in controlling reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, the accumulation of O2 - on the haustorium upon imbibition seems to be involved in germination, instead of H2O2. For B. capitata seeds, signaling from the removal of the operculum probably resulted in ABA catabolism mediated by O2 -, which thus promoted seed germination.

ABSTRACT Germination is the first step to successful plant establishment. The range of factors that promote germination varies among species. Light and temperature requirements for the germination of species of Velloziaceae were investigated. Seeds of Barbacenia flava, B. markgrafii, B. purpurea, B. williamsi, Vellozia alata, V. compacta, V. glochidea and V. plicata were collected from rocky outcrops located in different Brazilian states and were incubated for germination at 10 to 40 °C in light or dark conditions. Seed mass and length were measured for each species. In general, all species exhibited a high germination percentage at temperatures of 15-40 °C in the light, with the optimal temperature being 25-30 °C for species of Barbacenia and 30 °C for species of Vellozia. Barbacenia flava, V. compacta and, particularly, B. markgrafii, germinated in the dark. In contrast, B. purpurea exhibited an absolute requirement for light and the most restricted range of temperature to germinate. Germination responses and seed traits were related to the microclimate where the species were collected, and germinability in darkness is likely a common trait for species of Velloziaceae from the Espinhaço Range.

ABSTRACT Fire is an abiotic disturbance that regulates vegetation structure and biodiversity. Some plant species have adapted to fire prone environments by evolving protective structures. Acrocomia aculeata (macaw palm) is widely distributed throughout tropical America, and is found in environments continuously influenced by anthropogenic fire. We aimed to determine whether the fruit characteristics of A. aculeata enable seeds to resist the effects of fire and also the consequent effects of fire on fruit biometric traits and embryo viability. After a fire event in a region of pasture-forest transition, we marked 30 individuals of A. aculeata. The trees were separated by UPGMA analysis into 5 groups according to fire exposure, ranging from trees with no exposure to trees with fruit completely exposed to fire. Fruit exposure to high temperatures led to lower values in fruit fresh weight, length, density, and processable mass.Fire had no significant effect on seed biometric variables, because of the structures of the fruit, including its lignified endocarp and its insulating and mucilaginous mesocarp. These structures helped to maintain the embryos viability by preventing oxidative damage. In conclusion, the fruit structure of the macaw palm may facilitate seed persistence, even when subject to increasingly frequent fire events.

ABSTRACT Reserve mobilization in seeds occurs after visible germination, which is marked by the protrusion of the radicle or cotyledonary petiole, as in species of Arecaceae. Acrocomia aculeata (macaw palm), usually produces hard seeds whose endosperm has mannan-rich cell walls. We investigated the composition of storage compounds in macaw palm seed and the roles of two enzymes (endo-β-mannanase, α-galactosidase) during and after germination. The seeds were firstly submitted to pre-established protocol to overcome dormancy and promote germination. Enzyme activity in both embryo and endosperm were assayed from the initiation of germinative activities until leaf sheath appearance, and the status of seed structures and reserve compounds were evaluated. Protein content of the embryo decreased with the initiation of imbibition while the lipid content began decreasing six days after removal of the operculum. Increases in enzyme activity and starch content were both observed after visible germination. We suggest that endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase become active immediately at germination, facilitating haustorium expansion and providing carbohydrates for initial seedling development. Protein is the first storage compound mobilized during early imbibition, and the observed increase in the starch content of the haustorium was related to lipid degradation in that organ and mannan degradation in the adjacent endosperm.

Delonix regia (flamboyant) é uma espécie arbórea amplamente utilizada no Brasil, de alto valor ornamental. Sua propagação ocorre por meio de sementes, que apresentam dormência pela impermeabilidade do tegumento à água. Com o objetivo de determinar a melhor metodologia para a superação da dormência, as sementes da espécie foram submetidas a diferentes tratamentos: 1) imersão em água fervente por 1 min; 2) imersão em água a 80 °C e a 90 °C por 1 e 3 min; 3) escarificação manual com lixa; e 4) imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 15, 30, 45 e 60 min, além da testemunha. Após cada tratamento, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em rolo de papel, na temperatura de 25 ºC. Em uma segunda etapa, os tratamentos mais efetivos na quebra de dormência das sementes foram aplicados e a germinação, testada à temperatura de 30 °C. Em ambas as temperaturas, as contagens de germinação (plântulas normais) foram realizadas diariamente. O tratamento das sementes de flamboyant em água quente a 90 ºC por 1 min foi o mais eficiente na promoção da germinação, sendo prático e dispensando o uso de tratamentos químicos. O teste de germinação realizado à temperatura de 30 °C não forneceu resultados satisfatórios, com menores porcentagens de plântulas normais e IVG que os testes a 25 ºC. Foram descritas como plântulas normais as que possuíam visíveis dois cotilédones semiabertos, hipocótilo alongado, raiz primária bem desenvolvida e raízes adventícias curtas. Conclui-se que sementes de Delonix regia germinam melhor a 25 ºC após a imersão por 1 min em água a 90 ºC, sendo este indicado como tratamento para superação da dormência da espécie.

Delonix regia (flamboyant) is a tree widely used in Brazil, highly valued as ornamental plant. Its propagation is by seed, which show dormancy caused by its integument, impermeable to water. With the objective of determining the best method to overcome dormancy in the laboratory, the seeds were submitted to different treatments: 1) immersion in boiling water for one minute, 2) immersion in water at 80°C and 90°C for one and three minutes, 3) scarification with sandpaper, and 4) immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes, plus control with intact seeds. After each treatment, the seeds germinated in towel paper roll at a temperature of 25°C. In a second step, the most effective treatments to overcome dormancy were applied and germination was evaluated at 30°C. At both temperatures, germination counts (normal seedlings) were performed daily. The immersion of the seeds of flamboyant in hot water (90°C for one minute) was feasible and the most effective in promoting germination, eliminating the use of chemical treatments. Germination test performed at 30°C did not achieve satisfying results, with lower percentages of normal seedlings and PGI than the tests carried out at 25°C. Normal seedlings were described as those with two visible half-open cotyledons, elongated hypocotyl, well developed primary root, and short adventitious roots. Delonix regia seeds germinate best at 25ºC after 1-minute immersion in water at 90°C, which is indicated as a treatment to overcome the dormancy of the species.

A embebição das sementes é o passo inicial do processo de germinação, que se caracteriza pela hidratação de tecidos e células, ativando e/ou induzindo a síntese de enzimas responsáveis pela mobilização das reservas, para atender as necessidades de respiração e a construção de novas estruturas celulares. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações nas substâncias de reservas durante a hidratação lenta em água de sementes de jacarandá-da-bahia (Dalbergia nigra). Sementes pertencentes a dois lots distintos (lots I e II) foram colocadas para hidratar em dessecadores saturados (95-99% UR) nas temperaturas de 15 e 25 °C até atingirem os teores de água de 10, 15, 20 e 25% de umidade. Em cada nível de hidratação foram avaliadas as variações nas reservas de lipídios, carboidratos solúveis, amido e proteínas solúveis. A mobilização de reservas ocorreu de maneira similar nos dois lotes avaliados, porém não foram observadas diferenças entre as duas temperaturas de hidratação. Os teores de lipídios apresentaram pequena variação durante a hidratação, enquanto os conteúdos de carboidratos solúveis e amido apresentaram decréscimo a partir do nível de hidratação de 15%. Proteínas solúveis exibiram tendência gradativa de queda, desde a testemunha (sementes secas) até o nível de 25% de umidade.

Seed imbibitions is the first stage of the germination process and is characterized by the hydration of tissues and cells and the activation and/or induction of the enzymes responsible for mobilizing reserves for respiration and the construction of new cell structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in reserve substances during slow hydration of Bahia Rosewood (Dalbergia nigra) seeds in water. Seeds from two different lots (Lot I and II) were placed in saturated desiccators (95-99% RH) to hydrate at 15 and 25 °C until water contents of 10, 15, 20 and 25% were reached. At each level of hydration, changes in lipid reserves, soluble carbohydrates, starch and soluble proteins were evaluated. The mobilization of reserves was similarly assessed in both lots, with no differences being observed between the two hydration temperatures. Lipid contents showed little variation during hydration, while the contents of soluble carbohydrates and starch decreased after the 15% water content level. Soluble proteins showed a gradual tendency to decrease between the control (dry seeds) up to 25% water content.

A germinação é um processo que se inicia com a absorção de água pelas sementes, estimulando a síntese de enzimas ou ativação daquelas pré-existentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as variações nas reservas de monossacarídeos e atividades das enzimas α-galactosidase e poligalacturonase durante a hidratação de sementes de dois lotes de Dalbergia nigra (jacarandá-da-Bahia). Para tanto, sementes de duas procedências constituíram os lotes I e II, classificados como de alto e baixo vigor, respectivamente. Os lotes foram colocados para hidratar em dessecadores com alta umidade relativa nas temperaturas de 15 e 25 °C até atingirem os níveis de hidratação de 10, 15, 20 e 25% de umidade nas sementes. Os teores de monossacarídeos e as atividades das enzimas foram analisados nos cotilédones das sementes. Os teores de ramnose e xilose apresentaram valores superiores na testemunha, com redução durante a hidratação até 15%, momento a partir do qual aumentaram novamente, em ambos os lotes. O lote I, de qualidade superior, possui maior síntese e degradação de glicose durante a hidratação das sementes. Ambas as enzimas mostraram ser pré-formadas, por já apresentarem atividade nas sementes sem embebição. A poligalacturonase aumentou e a α-galactosidase manteve-se relativamente constante durante a hidratação das sementes.

Germination is a process that begins with seed water uptake, stimulating enzyme synthesis or activating enzymes already present. The objective of this study was to evaluate variations in monosaccharide reserves and the activities of the α-galactosidase and polygalacturonase enzymes during the hydration of two lots of Dalbergia nigra (Bahia Rosewood) seeds. Seeds from different origins constituted the two lots I and II, classified as high and low vigor, respectively. Both lots were placed in desiccators with a high relative humidity to hydrate and at 15 and 25 °C until levels of 10, 15, 20 and 25% moisture levels in seeds were reached. The seed cotyledons were analyzed for the quantity of monosaccharides and enzyme activity. The control had higher concentrations of xylose and rhamnose, which decreased during hydration until the 15% level was reached, after which concentrations increased again in both lots. Lot I, with a superior quality, showed higher glucose synthesis and degradation during seed hydration. Both enzymes were pre-existing since activity was already present in the seeds without imbibition. The polygalacturonase enzyme increased and the α-galactosidase enzyme remained relatively constant during seed hydration.